Abstract
Most dictionary definitions for the term compound word characterize it as a word that itself
contains two or more words. Thus, a compound word such as goldfish is composed of the constituent words
gold and fish. In this report, we present evidence that compound words such as
goldfish might not contain the words gold and fish, but rather positionally
bound compound constituents (e.g., gold- and -fish) that are distinct and often in competition
with their whole word counterparts. This conceptualization has significant methodological consequences: it calls into question the
assumption that, in a traditional visual constituent priming paradigm, the participant can be said to be presented with
constituents as primes. We claim that they are not presented with constituents. Rather, they are presented with competing
free-standing words. We present evidence for the processing of Hebrew compound words that supports this perspective by revealing
that, counter-intuitively, prime constituent frequency has an attenuating effect on constituent priming. We relate our findings to
previous findings in the study of German compound processing to show that the effect that we report is fundamentally morphological
rather than positional or visual in nature. In contrast to German in which compounds are always head-final morphologically, Hebrew
compounds are always head initial. In addition, whereas German compounds are written as single words, Hebrew compounds are always
written with spaces between constituents. Thus, the commonality of patterning across German and Hebrew is independent of visual
form and constituent ordering, revealing, as we claim, core features of the constituent priming paradigm and compound
processing.