Metaphors of Life in German Idioms

The aim of the study is to define the metaphoric meaning of the concept ‘life’ in the German idioms. The German word das Leben means both to live and life in Georgian. It means German does not differentiate them. Our task is to define the positive and the negative connotations of idioms containing the concept of life/ live. To solve this task, we searched for the relevant phraseologisms in the dictionaries and classified them. The study has revealed that lexemes denoting seasons prevail in such idioms. In a metaphoric sense, we can show these idioms as a whole life cycle: from cradle to grave. The lexeme spring stands for youth years (Der Frühling des Lebens-the spring of life), while the lexeme autumn stands for the old age (Der Herbst des Lebens- the autumn of life). In the same figurative sense, the lexeme Lebenmay refers to one day only. For instance, Leben ist ein Tag – Life is one day. This phraseologism shows the brevity of life. Metaphorical compound Lebensabend means the evening of life, that is the old age. The brevity of life is also reflected in the idiom sein letztes Stündlein hat geschlagen- ‘his last hour struck’, meaning, his life came to an end. Metaphorisation of human’s life is also common with the following lexemes: plants, travel, road, food, struggle, liquid and vessel. Thus, life is alternation of positive and negative moments. The former are often compared to light and the sun, while the latter - to shade, darkness and night. Proceeding from this life is a regular alteration of light and darkness, the sun and shade, light and dark.

Contemporary Belarussian historiography of the 1863–1864 Uprising in Belarussian territories: a general overview and main problems of academic development

В статье анализируется степень разработанности проблематики восстания 1863–1864 гг. на территории Беларуси в белорусской историографии современного периода (начиная с 1991 г.). Определяются основные тенденции развития в Беларуси исследований восстания, выделяются основные тематические направления, раскрывается вклад наиболее крупных исследователей (Михаил Бич, Геннадий Киселев, Вячеслав Шалькевич, Валентина Яновская (Григорьева), Елена Фиринович (Сокольчик), Вячеслав Швед, Александр Радюк, Василий Герасимчик и др.), оценивается в целом объем имеющихся на настоящий момент публикаций. Особое внимание обращается на деятельность по введению в научный оборот новых источников по истории восстания (архивные документы, мемуары и др.). Делается вывод о наличии положительных и негативных моментов в развитии историографии восстания. К положительным относятся значительная активность соответствующих исследований, большой вклад в расширение круга используемых источников и укрепление фактографической базы, успехи в разработке некоторых тематических направлений (регионалистика, биографистика, межконфессиональные взаимоотношения и ссылка повстанцев). К негативным моментам относятся значительное влияние вненаучных факторов (политизация и идеологизация тематики и др.), чрезмерное внимание личности К. Калиновского, отсутствие масштабного исследования и издания объемной комплексной монографии по истории восстания в Беларуси, а также неиспользованность многих источников. The article analyzes the problematics of 1863–1864 Uprising in contemporary Belarussian historiography of the modern period (starting with 1991). The author establishes the main tendencies in the Uprising’s Belarussian historiography, the thematic direction, examines the input of the major researchers (Mikhail Beech, Gennady Kisilev, Vyacheslav Shalkevich, Valentina Yanovskaya/Grigorieva, Elena Firinovich/Sokolchik, Vyacheslav Shved, Alexander Radyuk, Vasily Gerasimchik, etc.), evaluating the overall existing research corpus. Special attention is given to the introduction of new sources on the history of the Uprising (archive documents, memoirs, etc.). A conclusion is made on the positive and negative moments pertaining to the Uprising’s historiography. Among the positive aspects we should name the overall activity of the researchers, a large input into the fact bases and introduced sources, clear success in the development of several key themes (regional studies, biographies, interconfessional relations, exile of the insurgents). Among the negative aspects we must name the strong influence of non-academic factors (politicization, the ideologization of the theme, etc.), overbearing attention to K. Kalinovsky, the lack of a full-scale research or a published monographic study on the history of the Uprising in Belarus, as well as a plentitude of sources that still remain unstudied.

САТИРА – ЗЕРКАЛО ЖИЗНИ (SATIRE IS THE MIRROR OF LIFE)

The article presents an analysis of various features of satire. Basically, satire reveals the truth that happens in its time around. Culture, painting of different countries are shown not only in his works of art, traditions and customs, but also in humor-satires. Here is the same satire and humor show their mood, aspirations, collapsed, subsiding at different stages of history. The people who joined forces against the unfairness and inequality that arose, hoping for a bright future, managed to provoke their anger and opposition. In the fight against popular mosques against satire. But, not to mention the fact that in Kazakhstan, as in other countries, there was not a single fact, nor that in Kazakhstan, there was not a single fact, nor that in Kazakhstan, there was not a single fact. Satire in the Kazakh steppes began with oral literature. The article clearly fixes the preservation of a certain sequence and formulates the main sub-titles, content, and analyses, taking into account the requirements of today's media. The period of formation of the satire genre is about a century from the magazine " Luk " to the magazine "Ara". In a period of change in a certain social period, in different periods, satire occupies a special place. Including prose, poetic, comedic features of Kazakh satire - in the speech image, word formation of negative moments in the life of a person and society, the ideological elevation of the well-known position of the author. He Satirani arsusda stipulated in the technical school, it's been good to get occurring kapatagan encapsulate contains other clearly. Satire was not built on kelek, but on getting rid of shortcomings.

The Role of Mentoring in the Teaching Practice Period

The need for a system of high-quality mentoring during students’ teaching practice, which takes place on the basis of educational institutions is substantiated. The views of various researchers on the concept of mentoring, as well as on the personality qualities that a teacher-mentor should have, are summarized. The experience of organizing teaching practice for the period 2018–2020 is analyzed. On the example of real situations, negative moments in the work of both teacher-mentor and the staff and administration of educational institutions were identified.

Os exames nacionais de Física e Química e a evolução curricular

Resumo A evolução da nossa sociedade impõe uma atualização frequente dos currículos em Ciência. A atualização pode ser compreendida através da análise da evolução dos exames nacionais. Atendendo ao papel fulcral que os exames têm desempenhado na formulação e implementação de aprendizagens e currículos, este artigo analisa alguns aspetos da evolução dos exames nacionais de Física e Química, exemplificando implicações dinâmicas entre os exames (diferentes conteúdos e aprendizagens) e os currículos, no âmbito das reformas curriculares ocorridas em Portugal. Nesta abordagem, não pretendemos apresentar uma resenha de momentos negativos de reformas do ensino de 1950 a 2018, mas antes mostrar que o ensino tem atualmente maiores exigências, quer ao nível da lecionação, quer ao nível de currículos, enfatizando um maior nível de competências no domínio do raciocínio abstrato, paralelamente com a flexibilização curricular.Palavras-chave: Exames, Currículo, Modelos de Avaliação Abstract The evolution of our society imposes the constant updating of the Sciences curricula. The updates can be understood through the analysis of the evolution of the national exams. Keeping in mind the central part national exams have been performing in the design and implementation of learning and curricula, the analysis of the evolution of the Physics and Chemistry national exams shows the dynamic implications between the exams (different contents and learning) and the curricula, in the realm of the curricular reforms that happened in Portugal. This approach does not aim to show a compilation of the negative moments of the reforms from 1950 to 2018, but to show that our school system nowadays has a higher demand level, both at the teaching level as well as the curricular level, highlighting a higher level of competence in abstract thinking, alongside with curricular flexibility. Keywords: Tests, Curricula, Evaluation Models

Problem and Structure: Bachelard, Deleuze and Transdisciplinarity

The concept of ‘problem’ has been recently promoted by the official academic institutions and put at the centre of a new field of research, self-styled ‘transdisciplinary studies’, in order to provide a foundation to a resolutely transdisciplinary approach to research and thought in general. The paper notes that the same move (i.e. connecting a problem-centred approach to thought with transdisciplinary method) can be found in Deleuze’s philosophy, which provides us with what the technocratic image of thought advocated by transdisciplinary studies ultimately cannot provide: a positive concept of problems where those are not negative moments but originary and active matrices of thought. It then argues that Deleuze owes this concept to the French epistemological tradition, and more specifically to Bachelard, where it is nothing other than the concept of structure. It ends by explicating what particular version of structuralism Deleuze was thus led to construct in order to account for the role of problems in a radically transdisciplinary account of thought: it is the fact that all structures are multi-structured that grounds the essentially transdisciplinary nature of thought. The fact that we could think differently is precisely what makes us think.

SOME PREPARATION OF PROJECTS, PLANNING OF TERRITORIES OCCUPIED BY LINE FEATURES OR DESIGNED TO ACCOMMODATE THEM

The article deals with the procedure of preparation of planning projects of territories occupied by linear objects or intended for their placement. At the same time, the key points of preparation of planning projects are considered, the normative legal documents on the basis of which the preparation of urban planning documentation is carried out are given, some negative moments that take place in the implementation of the procedure under consideration are revealed and measures to eliminate them are proposed.