Intonation and Prosody in Creole Languages: An Evolving Ecology

Research on the prosody and intonation of creole languages has largely remained an untapped resource, yet it is important for enriching our understanding of how or if their phonological systems changed or developed under contact. Further, their hybrid histories and current linguistic ecologies present descriptive and analytical treasure troves. This has the potential to inform many areas of linguistic inquiry including contact effects on the typological classification of prosodic systems, socioprosodic variation (individual and community level), and the scope of diversity in prosodic systems among creole languages and across a variety of languages similarly influenced by language contact. Thus, this review highlights the importance of pushing beyond questions of creole language typology and genetic affiliation. I review the existing research on creole language prosody and intonation, provide some details on a few studies, and highlight some key challenges and opportunities for the subfield and for linguistics in general.

The Impact of the Constructive Solution on the Formation of the Portal in the Architecture of Armenian Churches of 4th-7th Centuries

The article refers to the issues of decorative elements in architecture. The aim of the paper was to reveal the interaction peculiarities of the constructive and artistic solutions of the formation of the portals of the Armenian churches of 4th-7th centuries. The analysis of the process of formation allowed for carrying out the typological classification of the portals from the point of view of the transformation and development of the lintel construction. The classification showed that the portal created as a decoration of the entrance, as a result of the evolution of compositional-structural components was transformed into a unified constructive-artistic element, which has become the main type used in the later periods of the Armenian medieval architecture. The revealed features of the interaction of decorative and structural elements can be useful in the field of heritage studies and in the development of further works on the formation of decorative elements.

Concept to recognize crisis of organizational and institutional separation by Artificial Intelligence System

The sphere of anti-crisis management is highlighted in relation to the open variety of organizational and institutional separations that are typical for the higher forms of industrial and post-industrial economies. This article shows the typicity and relevance of critical management situations associated with the emergence of crises. Furthermore, it justifies the objective orientation to a dense (not sparse) stream of crisis situations requiring identification, ranking, and classification. A strict management interpretation of the separation crisis is given through an assessment of the nature of the dynamics of the separation state indexes. Also, the document presents a generalized typological classification of crises. This article shows the necessity of using a high-level Artificial Intelligence System for this purpose, an indispensable component of which is the classification component.

Typological Differences in Railway Station Areas According to Locational Characteristics: A Nationwide Study of Korea

This study aims to explore whether railway station areas can be categorized according to locational characteristics on a nationwide level and whether the typological classification is valid for planning and development. Thirty-four railway station areas across Korea are analyzed and categorized using K-means clustering analysis. The results of the analysis prove that for all locational characteristics of land use, transit accessibility, and spatial form, station areas could be categorized into urban cores and suburbs. Moreover, the typological classification according to the location of urban cores and suburbs is valid in terms of development conditions and demand. This result implies that the role of the public and private sectors must be different in setting the space and size of areas of influence, and in forming and developing their use depending on the locational characteristics of station areas. This study contributes to the discussion on diversifying the planning and development of station areas as the heart of sustainable cities by verifying the types of station areas and their differences according to locational characteristics in East Asia, including Korea.

Imago proelii. La cartografia storica della Prima Guerra Mondiale dal Museo Storico della Terza Armata: spigolature per una analisi tipologica e semiologica

International historiography has extensively assessed the innovations in war practice experienced during the First World War. However, the consequences of trench warfare in military cartographic production have not been fully investigated yet. Following this line, the essay presents the cartographic corpus of the historical archive of the Terza Armata (Third Army); the Terza Armata had a fundamental role in the conflict, settling on the Piave river after Caporetto and leading the final advance towards Istria. The analysis of the collection, which is still unpublished, can open a new front of research aimed at developing categories of semiological analysis and typological classification of military maps as sources produced in fieri, i.e. manuscript IGM maps that were constantly updated during war operations. First, the cartographic corpus is presented; second, a first typological classification and a semiological decoding of maps are proposed, based on the interpretation of the symbols used, of the legend and of the methods of representation. In particular, the contribution focuses on tactical maps, i.e. cartographies that were continuously updated in proelio to document the evolution of war events on the front line.

The Distribution And Typological Classification Of Incidence/Mortality Rates And Dynamics Of Tuberculosis In Russia, 2006–2017

Despite the achieved success in the fight against tuberculosis, the disease remains an immediate problem for a number of countries including Russia. To a large extent, the reasons for the high incidence and mortality of the population are not only medical but also social in nature, which leads to the emergence of geographical patterns in the spread of the disease. The purpose of the study is to identify the spatio-temporal conditions that shape the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in Russia at both the national and regional levels. Using GIS technologies, an analysis of the current spread of the infection in the Russian Federation was carried out based on data for the period from 2006 through 2017. Typological classification of regions according to the dynamics and magnitude of the incidence rate has been developed. Based on the cartographic analysis that was carried out, regions with the most unfavorable tuberculosis situation in the Russian Federation were identified for a more detailed study at the municipal level.

The typology of Muslim minarets. Iranian specificity

The subject of this research is the Muslim minarets in general and Iranian minarets in particular. The goal consists in forming a typological classification of Muslim minarets, and based on that determine the specificity of the Iranian types of minarets. The article employs iconographic, iconological and cultural methods, and stylistic analysis. The author set the following tasks: determine different types of Muslim minarets; select the Iranian examples among them; determine the degree of prevalence of these types namely in the Iranian architecture; formulate the peculiarities of the architectural image of minaret that emerged in the context of Iranian architecture. For objectivity, the author established the timeframe –since the VII century to the late XVIII century, which marks the Iranian medieval Muslim culture. The scientific novelty is defined by the importance of knowing the characteristics of Iranian minarets, which are perceived as a symbol of Iranian faith. Familiarization with the architectural peculiarities of the minarets reveals the specificity of the Iranian religious architecture and Iranian culture as a whole. The acquired results demonstrate that the Iranian minarets are notable for their cylindrical shape, unique decoration, pairs of towers, location next to the doorway of the mosque ornamenting the sided. One of their primary functions to accentuate the major portal of the mosque. For the most part, Iranian minarets are rather representative and decorative, than resemble a fortress.