Maximally efficient prediction in the early fly visual system may support evasive flight maneuvers

The visual system must make predictions to compensate for inherent delays in its processing. Yet little is known, mechanistically, about how prediction aids natural behaviors. Here, we show that despite a 20-30ms intrinsic processing delay, the vertical motion sensitive (VS) network of the blowfly achieves maximally efficient prediction. This prediction enables the fly to fine-tune its complex, yet brief, evasive flight maneuvers according to its initial ego-rotation at the time of detection of the visual threat. Combining a rich database of behavioral recordings with detailed compartmental modeling of the VS network, we further show that the VS network has axonal gap junctions that are critical for optimal prediction. During evasive maneuvers, a VS subpopulation that directly innervates the neck motor center can convey predictive information about the fly’s future ego-rotation, potentially crucial for ongoing flight control. These results suggest a novel sensory-motor pathway that links sensory prediction to behavior.

Neuromodulation of the cerebellum rescues movement in a mouse model of ataxia

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) relieves motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease, and other movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate the potential benefits of DBS in a model of ataxia by targeting the cerebellum, a major motor center in the brain. We use the Car8 mouse model of hereditary ataxia to test the potential of using cerebellar nuclei DBS plus physical activity to restore movement. While low-frequency cerebellar DBS alone improves Car8 mobility and muscle function, adding skilled exercise to the treatment regimen additionally rescues limb coordination and stepping. Importantly, the gains persist in the absence of further stimulation. Because DBS promotes the most dramatic improvements in mice with early-stage ataxia, we postulated that cerebellar circuit function affects stimulation efficacy. Indeed, genetically eliminating Purkinje cell neurotransmission blocked the ability of DBS to reduce ataxia. These findings may be valuable in devising future DBS strategies.

PENGARUH KUALITAS PRODUK, KUALITAS LAYANAN DAN CITRA MEREK TERHADAP NIAT PEMBELIAN ULANG

Terjadinya fluktuasi penjualan sepeda motor pada Dealer Astra Motor Center Denpasar membuat Honda harus bekerja lebih keras untuk meningkatkan kembali jumlah penjualan produknya. Dengan niat pembelian ulang diharapkan dapat meningkatkan jumlah penjualan produknya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan pengaruh kualitas produk, kualitas layanan dan citra merek terhadap niat pembelian ulang pada Dealer Astra Motor Center Denpasar. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Dealer Astra Motor Center Denpasar, dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 126. Pengambilan sampel ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda dengan Statitical Package of Sosial Science (SPSS) 17.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kualitas produk, kualitas pelayanan dan citra merek berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap niat pembelian ulang sepeda motor merk Honda di Kota Denpasar. Kata kunci : niat pembelian ulang; kualitas produk; kualitas layanan dan citra merek

GANGGUAN BERBAHASA PADA PENDERITA CEREBRAL PALSY SEBUAH KAJIAN LINGUISTIK KLINIS

This study describes language disorders in the people with cerebral palsy and what kind of treatments to people with cerebral palsy related to language disorders. Cerebral palsy is a series of disorders with problems regulating muscle movements where it is as a result of some damage to the motor centers in the brain. Damage to the motor center in the brain that causes cerebral palsy can occur prenatal (before birth), perinatal (during the birth), or even postnatal (immediately after birth). There are several main problems that are often found and faced by children with cerebral palsy, they are: (1) difficulty in eating and swallowing caused by motor disturbances in the mouth, (2) difficulty in speaking, (3) difficulty in hearing, and (4) language disorders.

Maximally efficient prediction in the early fly visual system may support evasive flight maneuvers

The visual system must make predictions to compensate for inherent delays in its processing. Yet little is known, mechanistically, about how prediction aids natural behaviors. Here, we show that despite a 20-30ms intrinsic processing delay, the vertical motion sensitive (VS) network of the blowfly achieves maximally efficient prediction. This prediction enables the fly to fine-tune its complex, yet brief, evasive flight maneuvers according to its initial ego-rotation at the time of detection of the visual threat. Combining a rich database of behavioral recordings with detailed compartmental modeling of the VS network, we further show that the VS network has axonal gap junctions that are critical for optimal prediction. During evasive maneuvers, a VS subpopulation that directly innervates the neck motor center can convey predictive information about the fly’s future ego-rotation, potentially crucial for ongoing flight control. These results suggest a novel sensory-motor pathway that links sensory prediction to behavior.Author summarySurvival-critical behaviors shape neural circuits to translate sensory information into strikingly fast predictions, e.g. in escaping from a predator faster than the system’s processing delay. We show that the fly visual system implements fast and accurate prediction of its visual experience. This provides crucial information for directing fast evasive maneuvers that unfold over just 40ms. Our work shows how this fast prediction is implemented, mechanistically, and suggests the existence of a novel sensory-motor pathway from the fly visual system to a wing steering motor neuron. Echoing and amplifying previous work in the retina, our work hypothesizes that the efficient encoding of predictive information is a universal design principle supporting fast, natural behaviors.

Morning and Evening Circadian Pacemakers Independently Drive Premotor Centers via a Specific Dopamine Relay

Many animals exhibit morning and evening peaks of locomotor behavior. In Drosophila, previous studies identified two corresponding circadian neural oscillators: M (morning) cells which exhixbit a morning neural activity peak, and E (evening) cells which exhibit a corresponding evening peak of activity. Yet we know little of how these distinct circadian oscillators produce specific outputs that regulate pre-motor circuits to precisely control behavioral episodes. Here we show that the Ring Neurons of the Ellipsoid Body (EB-RNs), a defined pre-motor center, display a spontaneous in vivo neural activity rhythm, with peaks in the morning and in the evening. The two EB-RN activity peaks coincide with the major bouts of locomotor activity and result from independent activation by M and E cells, respectively. Further, M and E cells regulate EB-RNs via two identified dopaminergic neurons PPM3-EB, which project to the EB and which are normally co-active with EB-RNs. Blocking the dopaminergic modulation onto EB-RNs prevents the daily two-peak pattern of neural activity in the EB-RN and greatly impairs circadian locomotor activity. These in vivo findings establish the fundamental elements of a circadian neuronal output pathway: distinct circadian oscillators independently drive a common pre-motor center through the agency of specific dopaminergic interneurons.

ASSESSMENT OF INFLUENCE OF SMOKING ON VISCERAL BODIES AND REGULATORY FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANISM

Comparative assessment of influence of smoking on visceral bodies and regulatory functions of an organism of young men before and after smoking had been carried out. Hypertensive reaction of cardiovascular system of examinees to nicotine influence causing a vasoconstriction is performed. In this regard vasoactive nicotine influence to vascular motor center of a medulla is suggested. Saliva crystalloscopy examinees allowed to establish deterioration of crystallogenesis owing to the growth of emitted saliva during smoking that can demonstrate the negative impact of nicotine on the salivation center localized in a medulla. It is suggested that the medulla can be one of physiological targets of negative impact of nicotine.

The Functional Connectivity between the Locust Leg Pattern Generating Networks and the Subesophageal Ganglion Higher Motor Center

Interactions among different neuronal circuits are essential for adaptable coordinated behavior. Specifically, higher motor centers and central pattern generators (CPGs) induce rhythmic leg movements that act in concert in the control of locomotion. Here we explored the relations between the subesophageal ganglion (SEG) and thoracic leg CPGs in the desert locust. Backfill staining revealed about 300 SEG descending interneurons (DINs) and some overlap with the arborization of DINs and leg motor neurons. In accordance, in in-vitro preparations, electrical stimulation applied to the SEG excited these neurons, and in some cases also induced CPGs activity. Additionally, we found that the SEG regulates the coupling pattern among the CPGs: when the CPGs were activated pharmacologically, inputs from the SEG were able to synchronize contralateral CPGs. This motor output was correlated to the firing of SEG descending and local interneurons. Altogether, these findings point to a role of the SEG in both activating leg CPGs and in coordinating their oscillations, and suggest parallels between the SEG and the brainstem of vertebrates.

New Method of Injured Nerve Repair

Background Innovative surgical techniques form the basis of therapeutic approaches to address the negative consequences of nerve damage. This study evaluated the effectiveness of nerve trunk regeneration after the use of an electrosurgical instrument by looking at the patterns of morphological changes in the injured nerve and the structural elements of the segment motor center. Methodology The study was performed on male Wistar rats divided into four groups: group 1, control; group 2, rats with simulated sciatic nerve injury with epineural sutures; 3, rats subjected to an experimental surgical procedure using high-frequency electric welding technology; and 4, rats with simulated sciatic nerve injury without posttransection repair. To study changes in the peripheral stump of the transected nerves and L5 segments of the spinal cord, we used histologic, immunohistochemical, and morphometric methods. Results At week 12 after the surgery, there were more S-100+ Schwann cells, increased expression of neurofilaments (NFs), and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the peripheral stump in group 3 than in groups 2 and 4, which indicates enhanced neurotization and myelination. Group 3 animals demonstrated reduced expression of S-100 and NFs in the motor center of the spinal cord compared with group 2 that suggests less pronounced reactive changes caused by electric welding technology. Conclusions The study showed a novel surgical method using an electrosurgical instrument in a welding mode to stimulate regeneration of the injured nerve and to cause less prominent reactive changes in its segment motor center.