scholarly journals Morning and Evening Circadian Pacemakers Independently Drive Premotor Centers via a Specific Dopamine Relay

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xitong Liang ◽  
Margaret C.W. Ho ◽  
Mark N. Wu ◽  
Timothy E. Holy ◽  
Paul H. Taghert
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Motor Center ◽  
Motor Circuits ◽  
Circadian Oscillators ◽  
Neuronal Output ◽  
Evening Peak ◽  
Peak Pattern

AbstractMany animals exhibit morning and evening peaks of locomotor behavior. In Drosophila, previous studies identified two corresponding circadian neural oscillators: M (morning) cells which exhixbit a morning neural activity peak, and E (evening) cells which exhibit a corresponding evening peak of activity. Yet we know little of how these distinct circadian oscillators produce specific outputs that regulate pre-motor circuits to precisely control behavioral episodes. Here we show that the Ring Neurons of the Ellipsoid Body (EB-RNs), a defined pre-motor center, display a spontaneous in vivo neural activity rhythm, with peaks in the morning and in the evening. The two EB-RN activity peaks coincide with the major bouts of locomotor activity and result from independent activation by M and E cells, respectively. Further, M and E cells regulate EB-RNs via two identified dopaminergic neurons PPM3-EB, which project to the EB and which are normally co-active with EB-RNs. Blocking the dopaminergic modulation onto EB-RNs prevents the daily two-peak pattern of neural activity in the EB-RN and greatly impairs circadian locomotor activity. These in vivo findings establish the fundamental elements of a circadian neuronal output pathway: distinct circadian oscillators independently drive a common pre-motor center through the agency of specific dopaminergic interneurons.

scholarly journals Embryonic exposure to cannabidiol disrupts active neural circuits, an effect increased by Δ□-tetrahydrocannabinol and involving CB1R and CB2R in zebrafish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kanyo ◽  
Md Ruhul Amin ◽  
Laszlo F. Locskai ◽  
Danika D. Bouvier ◽  
Alexandria M. Olthuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Embryonic Exposure ◽  
Cannabis Consumption ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Embryonic Brain Development

AbstractConsidering the wide spread use of cannabis as a recreational and medicinal drug, a knowledge gap exists regarding biological mechanisms and health implication. In the light of legislative changes, delayed effects of cannabis upon brief exposure during embryonic development are of high interest as early pregnancies often go undetected. We hypothesized that brief early cannabinoid exposure impacts neural activity by affecting embryonic brain development through cannabinoid-1 (CB1R) and -2 (CB2R). Zebrafish larvae were exposed to cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ□-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) until the end of gastrulation (1-10 hours post-fertilization) and analyzed later in development (4-5 days post-fertilization). In order to measure neural activity, we implemented the fluorescence based calcium detector CaMPARI (Calcium-Modulated Photoactivatable Ratiometric Integrator) and optimized the protocol such that a high number of samples can be economically used in a 96-well format complemented by locomotor analysis. Our results revealed that neural activity was decreased by CBD more than THC. At higher doses both cannabinoids could reduce neural activity close to a level comparable to anesthetized samples and locomotor activity was abolished. Interestingly, the decrease was more pronounced when CBD and THC were combined. At the receptor level, CBD-mediated reduction of locomotor activity was partially prevented using CB1R or CB2R inhibitors. Overall, we provided a mechanistic link to perturbed brain development in vivo, which seems to involve CBD and receptors, CB1R and CB2R. Future studies are warranted to reveal other cannabinoids and receptors involved in this pathway to understand the full health implications of cannabis consumption on fetal development.

Neuropharmacological Screening of Chiral and Non-chiral Phthalimide- Containing Compounds in Mice: in vivo and in silico Experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Campos-Rodríguez ◽  
José G. Trujillo-Ferrara ◽  
Ameyali Alvarez-Guerra ◽  
Irán M. Cumbres Vargas ◽  
Roberto I. Cuevas-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Chiral Molecules ◽  
Chiral Compounds ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
In Silico Studies ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Background: Thalidomide, the first synthesized phthalimide, has demonstrated sedative- hypnotic and antiepileptic effects on the central nervous system. N-substituted phthalimides have an interesting chemical structure that confers important biological properties. Objective: Non-chiral (ortho and para bis-isoindoline-1,3-dione, phthaloylglycine) and chiral phthalimides (N-substituted with aspartate or glutamate) were synthesized and the sedative, anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects were tested. Method: Homology modeling and molecular docking were employed to predict recognition of the analogues by hNMDA and mGlu receptors. The neuropharmacological activity was tested with the open field test and elevated plus maze (EPM). The compounds were tested in mouse models of acute convulsions induced either by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ; 90 mg/kg) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 10 mg/kg). Results: The ortho and para non-chiral compounds at 562.3 and 316 mg/kg, respectively, decreased locomotor activity. Contrarily, the chiral compounds produced excitatory effects. Increased locomotor activity was found with S-TGLU and R-TGLU at 100, 316 and 562.3 mg/kg, and S-TASP at 316 and 562.3 mg/kg. These molecules showed no activity in the EPM test or PTZ model. In the 4-AP model, however, S-TGLU (237.1, 316 and 421.7 mg/kg) as well as S-TASP and R-TASP (316 mg/kg) lowered the convulsive and death rate. Conclusion: The chiral compounds exhibited a non-competitive NMDAR antagonist profile and the non-chiral molecules possessed selective sedative properties. The NMDAR exhibited stereoselectivity for S-TGLU while it is not a preference for the aspartic derivatives. The results appear to be supported by the in silico studies, which evidenced a high affinity of phthalimides for the hNMDAR and mGluR type 1.

scholarly journals Stamina-Enhancing Effects of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 096368972110354
Author(s):  
Eun-Jung Yoon ◽  
Hye Rim Seong ◽  
Jangbeen Kyung ◽  
Dajeong Kim ◽  
Sangryong Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Serum Triglycerides

Stamina-enhancing effects of human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) were investigated in young Sprague-Dawley rats. Ten-day-old male rats were transplanted intravenously (IV) or intracerebroventricularly (ICV) with hADSCs (1 × 106 cells/rat), and physical activity was measured by locomotor activity and rota-rod performance at post-natal day (PND) 14, 20, 30, and 40, as well as a forced swimming test at PND 41. hADSCs injection increased the moving time in locomotor activity, the latency in rota-rod performance, and the maximum swimming time. For the improvement of physical activity, ICV transplantation was superior to IV injection. In biochemical analyses, ICV transplantation of hADSCs markedly reduced serum creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine transaminase, and muscular lipid peroxidation, the markers for muscular and hepatic injuries, despite the reduction in muscular glycogen and serum triglycerides as energy sources. Notably, hADSCs secreted brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor in vitro, and increased the level of BDNF in the brain and muscles in vivo. The results indicate that hADSCs enhance physical activity including stamina not only by attenuating tissue injury, but also by strengthening the muscles via production of BDNF.

Circadian Locomotor Activity Rhythm During Ontogeny inCrayfish Procambarus Clarkii

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariaa Luisa Fanjul-moles ◽  
Manuel Miranda-anaya ◽  
Julio Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Procambarus Clarkii ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Locomotor Activity Rhythm

scholarly journals CCK-8 and CCK-58 differ in their effects on nocturnal solid meal pattern in undisturbed rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (8) ◽  
pp. R850-R860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Goebel-Stengel ◽  
Andreas Stengel ◽  
Lixin Wang ◽  
Gordon Ohning ◽  
Yvette Taché ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Reduce Food Intake ◽  
Dark Phase ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
And Behavior

Various molecular forms of CCK reduce food intake in rats. Although CCK-8 is the most studied form, we reported that CCK-58 is the only detectable endocrine peptide form in rats. We investigated the dark-phase rat chow intake pattern following injection of CCK-8 and CCK-58. Ad libitum-fed male Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with CCK-8, CCK-58 (0.6, 1.8, and 5.2 nmol/kg), or vehicle. Food intake pattern was assessed during the dark phase using an automated weighing system that allowed continuous undisturbed monitoring of physiological eating behavior. Both CCK-8 and CCK-58 dose dependently reduced 1-h, dark-phase food intake, with an equimolar dose of 1.8 nmol being similarly effective (−49% and −44%). CCK-58 increased the latency to the first meal, whereas CCK-8 did not. The intermeal interval was reduced after CCK-8 (1.8 nmol/kg, −41%) but not after CCK-58. At this dose, CCK-8 increased the satiety ratio by 80% and CCK-58 by 160%, respectively, compared with vehicle. When behavior was assessed manually, CCK-8 reduced locomotor activity (−31%), whereas grooming behavior was increased (+59%). CCK-58 affected neither grooming nor locomotor activity. In conclusion, reduction of food intake by CCK-8 and CCK-58 is achieved by differential modulation of food intake microstructure and behavior. These data highlight the importance of studying the molecular forms of peptides that exist in vivo in tissue and circulation of the animal being studied.

Effects of aging on entrainment and rate of resynchronization of circadian locomotor activity

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (5) ◽  
pp. R1099-R1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Zee ◽  
R. S. Rosenberg ◽  
F. W. Turek
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Phase Advance ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Free Running Period ◽  
Related Phase

The phase angle of entrainment of the circadian rhythm of the locomotor activity rhythm to a light-dark (LD) cycle was examined in young (2-5 mo old) and middle-aged (13-16 mo old) hamsters. An age-related phase advance in the onset of locomotor activity relative to lights off was seen during stable entrainment to a 14:10-h LD cycle. In addition, the effects of age on the rate of reentrainment of the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity were examined by subjecting young and middle-aged hamsters to either an 8-h advance or delay shift of the LD cycle. Middle-aged hamsters resynchronized more rapidly after a phase advance of the LD cycle than did young hamsters, whereas young hamsters were able to phase delay more rapidly than middle-aged hamsters. The age-related phase advance of activity onset under entrained conditions, and the alteration of responses in middle-aged hamsters reentraining to a phase-shifted LD cycle, may be due to the shortening of the free-running period of the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity with advancing age that has previously been observed in this species.

Light pulse effect on the locomotor activity rhythm ofTalitrus saltator(Montagu) (Crustacea, Amphipoda)

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhouha Bohli-Abderrazek ◽  
Raja Jelassi ◽  
Elfed Morgan ◽  
Karima Nasri-Ammar
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Light Pulse ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Locomotor Activity Rhythm ◽  
Pulse Effect
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