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2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 75-89
Author(s):  
Kaz Ohashi ◽  
Andreas Jürgens

Mixed pollination systems have been reported for many angiosperms. Here, we report on a dioecious willow, Salix caprea L., which employs three pollination modes, namely pollination by wind, nocturnal moths, and diurnal bees. In four field populations of S. caprea in Germany, we addressed the following questions: (a) How are the pollination modes affected by local mate availability? (b) What is the contribution of each pollination mode to seed set? (c) How does flower opening time affect pollination? We compared seed set among seven pollination treatments (wind pollination, diurnal pollination, nocturnal pollination, natural pollination, apomictic reproduction, daytime/night-time artificial pollination). Pollen limitation was observed across populations. On the other hand, limitations in mate availability affected the pollination modes differently. Insect pollination outperformed wind pollination in situations where nearby males were few or all positioned in the same direction from the females. The contribution of nocturnal moths was lower than that of the other pollen vectors. However, moth pollination worked complementarily with bee pollination in compensating for the lack of wind pollination. Furthermore, we found that the onset of flower anthesis peaked at sunset, and that cold night temperatures had no negative effect on seed set or pollen viability. Thus, nocturnal anthesis and prior pollination by moths may minimize male fitness loss due to pollen collection and grooming by bees. We suggest that S. caprea maximizes its fitness by combining multiple pollination modes that work in different environmental conditions, while optimizing the anthesis so that more pollen would be delivered to stigmas. 


Author(s):  
Mark van Hoogdalem ◽  
Umidjon Shapulatov ◽  
Lidiya Sergeeva ◽  
Jacqueline Busscher-Lange ◽  
Mariëlle Schreuder ◽  
...  

Abstract In nature plants are usually subjected to a light/temperature regime of warm day and cold night (referred to as +DIF). Compared to growth under +DIF, Arabidopsis plants show compact growth under the same photoperiod, but with an inverse temperature regime (cold day and warm night: -DIF). Here we show that -DIF differentially affects the phase and amplitude of core clock gene expression. Under -DIF the phase of the morning clock gene CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) is delayed, similar to that of plants grown on low sucrose. Indeed, under -DIF carbohydrate (CHO) starvation marker genes are specifically upregulated at the End of the Night (EN) in Arabidopsis rosettes. However, only in inner-rosette tissue (small sink leaves and petioles of older leaves) sucrose levels are lower under -DIF compared to under +DIF, suggesting that sucrose in source leaf blades is not sensed for CHO status and that sucrose transport from source to sink may be impaired at EN. CHO-starvation under -DIF correlated with increased starch breakdown during the night and decreased starch accumulation during the day. Moreover, we demonstrate that different ways of inducing CHO-starvation all link to reduced growth of sink leaves. Practical implications for control of plant growth in horticulture are discussed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Doblas-Miranda

All the animals living below our feet are not still. They can move (to a lot of places because the soil is a 3D space) and to change (for example, from a cocoon to an active state). Therefore, the same soil below a given piece of field may not contain the same living communities in winter as in summer, or even during a sunny day compared to a cold night. For example, research on soil beetle larvae showed seasonal vertical movements, as the larvae searched for better living conditions. Moreover, the soil varies a lot during its formation, and consequently its inhabitants also change. In the case of oribatids, a minuscule but diverse group of soil mites, scientists observed changes in the community over dozen to hundreds of years! Many studies showed a basic but powerful principle: ecosystems are not still photographs, but instead are constantly changing environments.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Denisa Valachova ◽  
Andrea Badurova ◽  
Iveta Skotnicova

Lightweight timber-based structures are an increasingly common part of envelopes of new buildings due to increasing requirements for their energy performance. In addition, due to the fact that wood is a sustainable material, it can be assumed that the share of these structures in civil engineering will continue to increase. The subject of this article is the thermal analysis of timber-based lightweight structures under winter conditions to expand information about thermal processes in these structures. This article deals with the lightweight timber-based external wall structures with a ventilated facade and a double-skin roof structure. Experimental temperature measurements inside the structures and ventilated air gaps are used to perform the thermal analysis. By comparing experimental and theoretical data obtained by performing numerical simulation, it was shown that for achieving an ideal match of numerical simulations and measured physical properties it is necessary to take into account not only external temperatures affecting these structures, but also other factors such as solar radiation and heat emission into the cold night sky. In the case of the external walls with ventilated facade, the benefit of a ventilated air gap has been demonstrated in relation to smaller temperature fluctuations that affect the structures.


2021 ◽  
Vol 257 ◽  
pp. 03007
Author(s):  
Li Xirong ◽  
Yang Dong ◽  
Yi Wei

Using the daily temperature data from meteorological stations in Yunnan province and Guizhou province and Guizhou province from 2000 to 2019, NCEP/NCAR re-analyzed the data on a daily basis, and analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics of extreme temperature events in the study area. Research shows that the extreme temperature in Yunnan province and Guizhou province region is warming; the extreme temperature index is different in spatial tendency, and all have abrupt changes; the maximum monthly maximum temperature and the heat persistence index will continue to increase in the future, the number of cold night days and the cold persistence index are on a strong and continuous decreasing trend.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 10065
Author(s):  
Niki Mougiou ◽  
Boushra Baalbaki ◽  
Georgios Doupis ◽  
Nektarios Kavroulakis ◽  
Stylianos Poulios ◽  
...  

Olive tree growth and reproduction are severely affected by temperature extremes, compromising fruit yield. In that aspect, the olive varieties “Koroneiki” and “Mastoidis” were employed in a mild cold stress experiment, imitating night frost incidents to assess their biochemical, physiological and reproductive functions in relation to genotype. The physiological performance of the stressed plants was not significantly altered, suggesting that both cultivars were well adapted to mild cold night stress. The biochemical response of the plants, regarding antioxidant enzymes, H2O2 and TBARS accumulation, confirmed that both cultivars could cope with the stress applied. The mRNA levels of the PPO gene, which participates in hydroxytyrosol biosynthesis and plant defense, were elevated after 24-h stress at 0 °C, in both cultivars with “Mastoidis” plants exhibiting higher levels for a longer period. Three more genes involved in hydroxytyrosol biosynthesis upregulated their expression levels as a response to cold stress. The numerous plant phenology aspects measured reinforced the conclusion that both cultivars responded to the stress applied. The results of the present study may contribute to better understanding olive tree adaptive responses to low temperature events, an abiotic stress condition that is often present in an open plantation, thus assisting farmers on breeding and cultivar selection.


Author(s):  
Gabriel Solis

In San Jeronimo, Chihuahua, on the outskirts of Ciudad Juárez, a beige monolith of placid architecture hovers over the newly reconstructed US-Mexico border wall. Looking like a mix between a prison and a city built entirely of suburban Walmarts, this is in fact Foxconn's largest assembly plant at the US-Mexico Border; a shrine of sorts to over fifty-five years of low-cost export manufacturing in the region. And in 2010, it was where a decade of labor struggle was about begin. On a cold night in February 2010, around three hundred night workers at Foxconn's San Jeronimo factory on the outskirts of Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, anxiously waited for company buses to finally deliver them home after a long shift. Soon enough however, managers filed out of the factory to inform the workers that the due to technical issues, the buses were not coming. According to worker accounts, the managers explained that the best thing these workers could do was work an extra shift, and wait for the buses to arrive later in the morning. Realizing that they were essentially being held against their will at the remote factory, and perhaps fueled by recent lay-offs on the assembly line and consistent pressure to work extra shifts, anger erupted in the crowd. By the end of the night, workers had set fire to the cafeteria, smashed the managers’ dormitory windows, and collided more than once with security guards. Days later, despite Foxconn's assurance to the press that there would be no reprisal, around 75 night-shift workers were identified and fired from the company.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misganaw Genet Mola ◽  
Yibelu Yitayih Hailie ◽  
Hailu Birhanie Terefe ◽  
Reta Yeshambel Kessete

Abstract Background: There is an ancient history that human beings are familiar with use of animals and plants for food, cloth, medicine, etc. In Ethiopia, many ethnic communities which are dispersed all over the country has been totally dependent on local traditional medicinal system for their health care. Thus, the aim of this study was to take an ethnozoological field survey among different ethnic groups that live in South Achefer district. In order to document the ethno zoological information about animal and their parts/ products prevalent among the people in South Achefer district, a study was carried out from September, 2019 to January, 2020.Methods: Data was collected through questionnaire, focus group discussion and semi-structured questionnaire with 64 purposively selected respondents. Result: Ethnozoological data was recorded local name of the animals, animal products used, mode of preparation and administration Based on the ethno zoological survey, a total of 30 animal species were used in 42 different medicinal purposes including cold, night blindness, cough, paralysis and rheumatism and for other religious/and spiritual purposes. Based on the ethno zoological survey, 11 mammals, 7 birds, 4 reptile, 5 arthropods, 2 fish, 1 annelids are used in traditional zootherauptics in the study area. Furthermore, the milk of goat used to relieved cough has the highest FL (92%) and elephant teeth has the lowest FL (22%) used to treat bad spirit.Discussion: The results showed that ethno zoological practices have been an important alternative medicinal practice for the people residing in the study area. So, there is an urgent need to properly document to keep a record of the ethno zoological knowledge of the area. It is hoped that this information will be useful for further research in the field of ethno zoology, ethno pharmacology and conservation point of view.


Author(s):  
Anand Kushwah ◽  
Manoj Kumar Gaur ◽  
Rajindra Kumar Pandit

The study focuses on utilization of the solar insulation in buildings by means of thermal storage materials. During months of April to October, a significant part of solar gain was noticed in outer walls as well as in roof of the structure. Light weight modern construction materials have low thermal inertia so it stores less energy. The study focuses on the utilization of Phase Change Materials (PCM) for harnessing solar thermal energy for heating buildings. Various researches that show the effect of implementing PCMs in different parts of buildings like in walls, roof, windows, doors, floor etc. has been shown in the paper. The PCMs are helpful especially for those buildings which are located in cold climatic condition. Effective solutions are still required for harnessing maximum possible solar energy for heating buildings by storing heat energy by means of thermal storage materials like PCMs in hot days and to liberate it in cold night.


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