Various Routing Protocols of Vehicular Ad hoc Network: A Survey

A vehicular ad hoc network is a type of network divided by an area where car nodes can join or leave the network. Due to the flexibility of the network environment active contractual routes are used in the development of the route from the source to the destination. Various active and active protocols are updated in this paper. Active routing protocols are those that use current network information in the development of the route from the source to the destination. Active routing protocols are those that use the pre-defined network information in the route setting. Active route agreements use route tables in route development. In this review paper, a literature survey was conducted on VANET route protocols. It is analyzed that an effective route protocol offers higher performance compared to active router protocols. Keywords: VANET, Reactive, Proactive Routing

BGP Neighbor Trust Establishment Mechanism Based on the Bargaining Game

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the standard inter-domain route protocol on the Internet. Autonomous System (AS) traffic is forwarded by the BGP neighbors. In the route selection, if there are malicious or inactive neighbors, it will affect the network’s performance or even cause the network to crash. Therefore, choosing trusted and safe neighbors is an essential part of BGP security research. In response to such a problem, in this paper we propose a BGP Neighbor Trust Establishment Mechanism based on the Bargaining Game (BNTE-BG). By combining service quality attributes such as bandwidth, packet loss rate, jitter, delay, and price with bargaining game theory, it allows the AS to select trusted neighbors which satisfy the Quality of Service independently. When the trusted neighbors are forwarding data, we draw on the gray correlation algorithm to calculate neighbors’ behavioral trust and detect malicious or inactive BGP neighbors.

Practical tests with MMT and ROUTE/DASH on the transport layer of ATSC 3.0

The development of new technologies allowed television systems to evolve over time. For the transport layer, the Movie Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) developed several standards to deliver multimedia content, including the MPEG-2 Transport Stream (TS), which has been widely explored for years. However, it was developed before the spread of the internet, which led to the interest in a new standard that could fulfill the needs from a connected world. One of these standards is the MPEG Multimedia Transport (MMT), which has inherited some features from the MPEG-2 TS, adapting them to be compatible with the Internet Protocol (IP). The broadband systems also needed a new standard compatible with Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), resulting in the development of the MPEG-Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH). To deliver DASH on broadcast channels, it was combined with the Real-time Object delivery over Unidirectional Transport (ROUTE) protocol. The Advanced Television Systems Committee 3.0 (ATSC 3.0) adopted many technologies to attend the requirements for the next generation of television systems, including both MMT and ROUTE/DASH. This paper presents a historic background of these delivery methods, as well as a brief technical review, focusing on a practical setup to test the methods mentioned, analyzing the differences and similarities of their properties.

ZBLE: “Energy Efficient Zone-based Leader Election Multipath Routing Protocol for MANETs”

Inside the paper, an analysis of the representation of a zone-based multipath routing technology called Zone-Based Leader Election Energy Constrained AOMDV Routing Protocol (ZBLE) for MANETs has been presented. The primary purpose of the MANETs is to make system communication effective and efficient so that the quality of the network can be ensured. Consumption of energy in the MANETs has extended been a larger problem since the past. Movable devices present into the wireless environment are dependent on batteries and cannot fulfill the power supply due to limited power capacity. To address this problem, we have used zone-based technology which is designed by modifying the AOMDV protocol. Inside here, the demonstration about a zone-based system for the wireless network has been analyzed which is called Zone-Based Leader Election Energy Constrained AOMDV Routing Protocol (ZBLE). It has been implemented for energy efficient communication based on energy label, node tracking, and power analysis. It is a zone-based technology that works in keeping with the energy of multipath routing in mind. ZBLE protocols prolong the network's life by reducing balanced energy consumption between nodes. This protocol is compared to the traditional route protocol i.e. AODV and AOMDV, in which it has been found that the ZBLE protocol presents better results