Diagnosing of the presence of liquid inclusions in the gas pipelines

Due to the insufficiently effective gas drying in preparing it for further transport on the main pipeline in the composition of the gas remains a sufficient amount of fluid. The presence of liquid inclusions in the transported streams causes a nonequilibrium behavior of such systems, which is not taken into account in traditional calculation methods and increases the calculation error. Therefore, to select an adequate transfer mode, it is necessary to diagnose the internal structure of natural gas systems, which is the main task of studying this article. In working on the basis of a generalized model of motion of the relaxation medium in the pipeline by the introduction of the equation of the state for nonequilibrium gases, the calculated ratios are obtained to estimate the hydraulic and nonequilibrium parameters of the gas flow. In order to numerically implement these relations, a computational algorithm was drawn up and on the basis of the operational data of the actual gas pipeline obtained appropriate estimates. The results of the calculations were shown that both the density and the pressure relaxation times are rather significant. This indicates the presence of liquid inclusions in the transport stream. Thus, the authors proposed a numerically implemented procedure for diagnosing the presence of liquid inclusions in natural gases, which can be recommended for the use of services engaged in the operation of main gas pipelines. Keywords: natural gas; gas pipeline; liquid inclusions; model; diagnostics.

Practical tests with MMT and ROUTE/DASH on the transport layer of ATSC 3.0

The development of new technologies allowed television systems to evolve over time. For the transport layer, the Movie Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) developed several standards to deliver multimedia content, including the MPEG-2 Transport Stream (TS), which has been widely explored for years. However, it was developed before the spread of the internet, which led to the interest in a new standard that could fulfill the needs from a connected world. One of these standards is the MPEG Multimedia Transport (MMT), which has inherited some features from the MPEG-2 TS, adapting them to be compatible with the Internet Protocol (IP). The broadband systems also needed a new standard compatible with Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), resulting in the development of the MPEG-Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH). To deliver DASH on broadcast channels, it was combined with the Real-time Object delivery over Unidirectional Transport (ROUTE) protocol. The Advanced Television Systems Committee 3.0 (ATSC 3.0) adopted many technologies to attend the requirements for the next generation of television systems, including both MMT and ROUTE/DASH. This paper presents a historic background of these delivery methods, as well as a brief technical review, focusing on a practical setup to test the methods mentioned, analyzing the differences and similarities of their properties.

Calculation Methodology of Geometrical Dimensions for Noise-Protective Automotive Screens

To determine the projected screen’s optimal dimensions has been proposed a calculation method allowing assay an automotive noise entering the area, protected by this screen. In engineering calculations the noise screen is often considered as infinitely extended, so that the sound diffraction on its side edges and the noise from the parts which are not covered by the screen are ignored. The proposed complex approach in the screens design allows assay the levels of noise emanating from the parts of transport stream, covered and uncovered by the screen. Thus, the designer, in case of exceeding the set values by the noise level, can estimate from where the loudest noise comes: from the top of the screen or from its sides, including the noise from the road traffic parts which are not covered by the screen, both from the right and left sides of it. From here is emerged the possibility to rationally vary the screen’s geometric dimensions, increasing its height, or extending it in one or another direction. As a result of such design, the screen’s optimal basic geometrical dimensions are determined in terms of providing the necessary noise level in the protected area. This allows reduce the design time and economic costs for the construction of screens.

DTV broadcasting failover switching system using PCR information

Background/Objectives: Major Terrestrial broadcasters, MSO (Multi-System Operator), IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) Operators have been putting effort to prevent the transmission stops such as transmission interruption.Methods/Statistical analysis: The main and spare signals of the digital broadcasting are monitored. If a problem occurs in the main signal, it automatically switched to a preliminary signal, preventing a broadcast accident before a failover switch is performed.In this paper, we propose a method that can automatically switch signal to minimize the resulting impacts on a broadcasting accident caused by a disconnection from the input or an accident from the network. Digital broadcasts transmission abides by MPEG-2 (Moving Picture Expert Group) TS (Transport Stream) standardization.Findings: This paper proposes a method to maintain the quality of broadcast such as transmission interruption within ETSI TR 101 290 (European Telecommunications Standards Institute Technical Report) standardization. Furthermore, with this proposed method, it would be possible to minimize the error from an automatically transferred stream that sent from the emergency link within ETSI TR 101 290 standardization.Improvements/Applications: A method for preventing broadcast transmission accidents