The Weathered Trace: Capturing the Actualisations of Time

<p>It may be considered that architecture does not as a discipline, acknowledge the changes a building will go through after construction completion. Therefore, weathering of materials occurs without direction forcing a building to degrade over time rather than mature. We may accept that materials have a given lifespan and that it is simply a question of time before that material is no longer suitable for its original use. However, the impermanence of materials through weathering need not be considered a negative element throughout the life of a building. It may give us the impression that we can grasp the effects of time in a tangible way through its visual expressions, reminding us of our own place in the cycle of time. This thesis was design led by firstly producing material experiments, and going on site to understand the conditions of weathering on materials. This lead to a number of questions – firstly, may architecture direct its own visual expression of time through embracing the inevitable process of weathering within its materials and site? Can these actualizations of time documenting the events of a buildings life promote the build up of personal memory between the user and the architecture they experience? These questions were tested through the design of temporary research accommodation units located at Te Raekaihau Point on the south coast of Wellington. Being an extremely harsh environment, the full force of a weathered trace could be illustrated. Through design, the idea of architecture as an evolving image was explored. The contrasting material time frames of concrete and wood were understood in their relation to one another and how one may act as a framework for the other. Concrete surfaces expressed positive and negative detail, directing the weather to enhance certain patterns over time. The organic nature of timber was interpreted throughout the site with varied levels of exposure. Original traces of weather on site were used to understand future interpretations. These traces influenced material placement, orientation and gave an understanding of the processes that will affect architecture in time. Accepting that no material is permanent, certain details explored the idea that one materials death may bring about the birth of another. Over time, a timber walkway connecting two areas of the site was designed to erode, revealing a concrete stairway hidden beneath. These design considerations lead to the conclusion that architecture must be considered over time, with careful consideration of the natural forces that will affect its development. A site analysis does not occur in one visit, it must be a more thorough process considering all aspects that affect materials in time and how best to work with these inevitable facts as opposed to against them. This will result in a building capable of capturing the actualisations of time promoting memory through the weathered trace.</p>

The Weathered Trace: Capturing the Actualisations of Time

<p>It may be considered that architecture does not as a discipline, acknowledge the changes a building will go through after construction completion. Therefore, weathering of materials occurs without direction forcing a building to degrade over time rather than mature. We may accept that materials have a given lifespan and that it is simply a question of time before that material is no longer suitable for its original use. However, the impermanence of materials through weathering need not be considered a negative element throughout the life of a building. It may give us the impression that we can grasp the effects of time in a tangible way through its visual expressions, reminding us of our own place in the cycle of time. This thesis was design led by firstly producing material experiments, and going on site to understand the conditions of weathering on materials. This lead to a number of questions – firstly, may architecture direct its own visual expression of time through embracing the inevitable process of weathering within its materials and site? Can these actualizations of time documenting the events of a buildings life promote the build up of personal memory between the user and the architecture they experience? These questions were tested through the design of temporary research accommodation units located at Te Raekaihau Point on the south coast of Wellington. Being an extremely harsh environment, the full force of a weathered trace could be illustrated. Through design, the idea of architecture as an evolving image was explored. The contrasting material time frames of concrete and wood were understood in their relation to one another and how one may act as a framework for the other. Concrete surfaces expressed positive and negative detail, directing the weather to enhance certain patterns over time. The organic nature of timber was interpreted throughout the site with varied levels of exposure. Original traces of weather on site were used to understand future interpretations. These traces influenced material placement, orientation and gave an understanding of the processes that will affect architecture in time. Accepting that no material is permanent, certain details explored the idea that one materials death may bring about the birth of another. Over time, a timber walkway connecting two areas of the site was designed to erode, revealing a concrete stairway hidden beneath. These design considerations lead to the conclusion that architecture must be considered over time, with careful consideration of the natural forces that will affect its development. A site analysis does not occur in one visit, it must be a more thorough process considering all aspects that affect materials in time and how best to work with these inevitable facts as opposed to against them. This will result in a building capable of capturing the actualisations of time promoting memory through the weathered trace.</p>

Intrahospitalary location and antimicrobial initial treatment in patients with acquired pneumonia in the community and their relationship with the frequency and quality of the stratification process

The initial evaluation of the patient's condition with pneumonia is a very important assistance action. The objective was evaluate the relationship between the frequency and quality of the stratification process of the patient with pneumonia, and the execution of suggestions of intrahospitalary location and the initial antimicrobial treatment of stratification instrument. A descriptive study was done on a population of 1,809 patients hospitalized during 10 years. The indexes of intrahospitalary location and of antimicrobian initial treatment were analized according to the suggestions of the instrument; in the statistical analysis it was used the odds ratio and the statistician X2, with a significant level of 95%. The intrahospitalary location was in agreement with the suggestion of the instrument in 96% of the cases, with the lowest value in patients with serious pneumonia and high recovery probabilities (82%, p <,05). The frequency of intrahospitalary location was bigger and veryfied with the suggestion of the instrument in the termed well stratified patients (p <,05), fundamentally in the patients with serious pneumonia and high recovery probabilities. The correspondence of the initial antimicrobial treatment with the proposal of the instrument was of 61%; the stratum IIIA showed the highest value (80%, p <,05). As conclusions, a high performance in the execution of the suggestion of the intrahospitalary location has been one of the characteristics of the process, although as a negative element it stands out the frequent non-fulfillment of the suggestion of the initial antimicrobial treatment. There was a relationship between the stratification process and the execution of the suggestion of the intrahospitalary location.

VM-NSP

Negative sequential patterns (NSPs) capture more informative and actionable knowledge than classic positive sequential patterns (PSPs) due to the involvement of both occurring and nonoccurring behaviors and events, which can contribute to many relevant applications. However, NSP mining is nontrivial, as it involves fundamental challenges requiring distinct theoretical foundations and is not directly addressable by PSP mining. In the very limited research reported on NSP mining, a negative element constraint (NEC) is incorporated to only consider the NSPs composed of specific forms of elements (containing either positive or negative items), which results in many valuable NSPs being missed. Here, we loosen the NEC (called loose negative element constraint (LNEC)) to include partial negative elements containing both positive and negative items, which enables the discovery of more flexible patterns but incorporates significant new learning challenges, such as representing and mining complete NSPs. Accordingly, we formalize the LNEC-based NSP mining problem and propose a novel vertical NSP mining framework , VM-NSP, to efficiently mine the complete set of NSPs by a vertical representation (VR) of each sequence. An efficient bitmap-based vertical NSP mining algorithm , bM-NSP, introduces a bitmap hash table--based VR and a prefix-based negative sequential candidate generation strategy to optimize the discovery performance. VM-NSP and its implementation bM-NSP form the first VR-based approach for complete NSP mining with LNEC. Theoretical analyses and experiments confirm the performance superiority of bM-NSP on synthetic and real-life datasets w.r.t. diverse data factors, which substantially expands existing NSP mining methods toward flexible NSP discovery.

The Concept of “Besporyadok” (“Disorder”) in Dostoevsky’s Novel The Adolescent

The article is dedicated to the reconstruction of the concept of “besporyadok” (“disorder”) in the novel The Adolescent, considering the distinction between the intentions of the actual author and the hero-creator. The complex structure of the author’s concept is reconstructed using Dostoevsky’s workbooks for February 1874 – November 1875, and the key element of it is stated to be the “internal disorder” that occurs when a person’s soul is poisoned with devilry. It is argued that this type of besporyadok (“disorder”), correlated by Dostoevsky with the phenomenon of bezobrazie (“ugliness”), serves as a source and catalyst for “family disorder”, “secular disorder”, and “general disorder”. The adolescent, illustrating all the listed facets of the author’s concept, naturally focuses on comprehending the “internal disorder”, which at the end of his “Notes” acquires the concept-name of “bezobrazie”. The gradual “deployment” of this concept by Arkady Dolgoruky sets the dynamics of the narrative, reflects the ongoing process of samovidelka (“self-creation”), based on the movement of the hero from the feeling of bezobrazie (“ugliness”) to the beginning of his consciousness. It is argued that Dostoevsky’s perception of besporyadok (“disorder”) and besovstvo (“devilry”) as related phenomena provoking general decomposition, an increase of the chaos in the macro and microcosm, and thirst for self-destruction, does not predetermine a constantly negative modality in their artistic embodiment. In the light of the “realism in the highest sense”, the manifestations of besporyadok (“disorder”) are often seen by Dostoevsky as an impulse for renewal, purification, and transformation. Arkady Dolgoruky, due to his age and spiritual weakness, is deprived of the opportunity to perceive bezobrazie (ugliness) in such an expanded focus, therefore in his conceptosphere this unit is not ambivalent in itself, but is a negative element opposed to blagoobrazie (goodness).

The Concept of “Besporyadok” (“Disorder”) in Dostoevsky’s Novel The Adolescent

The article is dedicated to the reconstruction of the concept of “besporyadok” (“disorder”) in the novel The Adolescent, considering the distinction between the intentions of the actual author and the hero-creator. The complex structure of the author’s concept is reconstructed using Dostoevsky’s workbooks for February 1874 – November 1875, and the key element of it is stated to be the “internal disorder” that occurs when a person’s soul is poisoned with devilry. It is argued that this type of besporyadok (“disorder”), correlated by Dostoevsky with the phenomenon of bezobrazie (“ugliness”), serves as a source and catalyst for “family disorder”, “secular disorder”, and “general disorder”. The adolescent, illustrating all the listed facets of the author’s concept, naturally focuses on comprehending the “internal disorder”, which at the end of his “Notes” acquires the concept-name of “bezobrazie”. The gradual “deployment” of this concept by Arkady Dolgoruky sets the dynamics of the narrative, reflects the ongoing process of samovidelka (“self-creation”), based on the movement of the hero from the feeling of bezobrazie (“ugliness”) to the beginning of his consciousness. It is argued that Dostoevsky’s perception of besporyadok (“disorder”) and besovstvo (“devilry”) as related phenomena provoking general decomposition, an increase of the chaos in the macro and microcosm, and thirst for self-destruction, does not predetermine a constantly negative modality in their artistic embodiment. In the light of the “realism in the highest sense”, the manifestations of besporyadok (“disorder”) are often seen by Dostoevsky as an impulse for renewal, purification, and transformation. Arkady Dolgoruky, due to his age and spiritual weakness, is deprived of the opportunity to perceive bezobrazie (ugliness) in such an expanded focus, therefore in his conceptosphere this unit is not ambivalent in itself, but is a negative element opposed to blagoobrazie (goodness).

L’albero della conoscenza: la dialettica del mito eterno dell’uomo secondo Hegel

This paper aims to investigate the dialectical nature of the myth of original sin as described by Hegel. For introductory purposes, I will briefly highlight the process by which Hegelian philosophy operates the translation from religious representation to concept, demonstrating how this reading is at the basis of the interpretation of the myth. Then I will analyze the functioning of the dialectical movements of the biblical episode of Genesis 3 within the Phenomenology of Spirit and the Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion, in order to discuss the issues of good and evil, innocence and guilt, will and arbitrariness. In this reconstruction the dialectic will emerge in its importance as a structure that permeates human consciousness as well as reality in general. In the specific case of the tree of knowledge, we will witness the concretization of this eternal conciliation of contradictions in two specific areas, which will be treated in the last section: the question of evil on the one hand, which will be demonstrated as a necessary negative element that triggers the dialectical movement itself, and the question of freedom on the other, which will appear as the result of the emancipation of the subject from the natural state in which he finds himself in the so-called "garden of animals".

USING ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION IN RENDERING ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS INTO UKRAINIAN

The article considers phraseological units and antonymic translation as one of the most effective methods of transmission of lexical units. Antonymic translation is shown to be an independent type of translation. Antonymic translation is defined as a translation mode whereby an affirmative (positive) element in the ST is translated by a negative element in the TT and, vice versa, a negative element in the ST is translated using an affirmative element in the TT, without changing the meaning of the original sentence. It is not a word-for-word translation, but a transformation when the translator selects an antonym and combines it with a negation element. Antonymic translation as such can be understood in broader and narrower terms, i.e. it may cover instances of a simple substitution of an element in the ST by its antonymic counterpart (negative or positive) in translation; positive / negative recasting, a translation procedure where the translator modifies the order of the units in the ST in order to conform to the syntactic or idiomatic constraints of the TT; and narrowing of the scope of negation whereby the original negative sentence is turned into an affirmative one in translation by moving the negation element to a word phrase or an elliptical sentence. The term antonymic translation covers all these three types. Generally, antonymic translation consists not only in the transformation of negative constructions to affirmative or vice versa: an original phraseological unit can be substituted for other expressions with the opposite meaning in a target language or an occasional antonym. The usage of antonymic translation as one of the methods of contextual replacement has been investigated. The main types of this lexical and grammatical transformation are systematized. The attention is focused on the reasons for using antonymic translation.

He forbead þæt hi ne weopon: A negative element in the þæt-clause introduced by a verb of prohibition

In ICEHL 20 at the University of Edinburgh, I made a report of my research on this theme. The present paper gives additional facts on the construction of a verb of negation followed by a þæt-clause with a negative element. What I try to exemplify is not a historical change from expletive negative to affirmative clause, but the facts that (i) the expletive negative was one of the correlative constructions based on Old English syntax and (ii) the affirmative clause was already found in early Old English together with the negative clause, even though the negative clause was frequent in late Old English to early Middle English and then decreased after late Middle English. The verb with negative import with a negated þæt-clause is, therefore, not an illogical expression but a stylistic device of combining the negation of the governing verb with the content of the governed, negated þæt-clause.

Reinventing the concept of homo novus in Rome: Cicero as Horace’s role model

ABSTRACT This paper identifies similarities between Horace’s and Cicero’s use of the termHomo novusas a positive connotation, which contrasts with the then prevailing view of the outsider as a negative element. We suggest that Horace might have drawn on elements from Cicero’s works to support the defense of his position within Roman society.