scholarly journals USING ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION IN RENDERING ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS INTO UKRAINIAN

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-49
Author(s):  
O. Sierhieieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Element ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Negative Element ◽  
Negative Sentence ◽  
Original Sentence ◽  
Simple Substitution ◽  
Word Translation ◽  
Translation Procedure

The article considers phraseological units and antonymic translation as one of the most effective methods of transmission of lexical units. Antonymic translation is shown to be an independent type of translation. Antonymic translation is defined as a translation mode whereby an affirmative (positive) element in the ST is translated by a negative element in the TT and, vice versa, a negative element in the ST is translated using an affirmative element in the TT, without changing the meaning of the original sentence. It is not a word-for-word translation, but a transformation when the translator selects an antonym and combines it with a negation element. Antonymic translation as such can be understood in broader and narrower terms, i.e. it may cover instances of a simple substitution of an element in the ST by its antonymic counterpart (negative or positive) in translation; positive / negative recasting, a translation procedure where the translator modifies the order of the units in the ST in order to conform to the syntactic or idiomatic constraints of the TT; and narrowing of the scope of negation whereby the original negative sentence is turned into an affirmative one in translation by moving the negation element to a word phrase or an elliptical sentence. The term antonymic translation covers all these three types. Generally, antonymic translation consists not only in the transformation of negative constructions to affirmative or vice versa: an original phraseological unit can be substituted for other expressions with the opposite meaning in a target language or an occasional antonym. The usage of antonymic translation as one of the methods of contextual replacement has been investigated. The main types of this lexical and grammatical transformation are systematized. The attention is focused on the reasons for using antonymic translation.

THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF METAPHOR IN THE MAGIC OF THINKING BIG TRANSLATED INTO BAHASA INDONESIA BY DIAN PARAMESTI BAHAR

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khairani Hayat Situmorang ◽  
I. W. Dirgeyasa ◽  
Zainuddin Zainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Qualitative Design ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Free Translation ◽  
Dead Metaphor ◽  
Word Translation ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia ◽  
Communicative Translation

The research dealt with Metaphor Sentences. The aims of this study were: (1) to find out the translation strategies of metaphors are used in The Magic of Thinking Big and (2) to describe the translation strategies maintain metaphors in The Magic of Thinking Big. The research was conducted by using qualitative design. The data of this study were sentences. The data were collected through documentary technique and the instrument was the documentary sheet. The technique of data analysis was descriptive. The finding of this study revealed that: (1) The metaphor in The magic of Thinking Big were translated by applying six translation strategies, namely: word for word Translation (5.3%) lieral translation (4.3%), faithful translation (57.5%), Free translation (3.2%), communicative translation (30.5%) and discursive creation was found (2.2%). (2) The metaphors are maintained that found in the Magic of Thinking Big are original metaphors turned into another original metaphors, stock metaphors turned into another stock metaphors, adapted metaphors turned into adapted metaphors, dead metaphors turned into dead metaphors, original metaphor turned into stock metaphor, stock metaphor turned into original metaphor, meanwhile, 10 original metaphors and 1 dead metaphor are no longer classified as metaphors. Language has special characteristic that is metaphor sentences, therefore in the case of translating of metaphor sentences in which their concept in unknown for readers, the translator often faces the problems to find out the translation strategies to translate metaphor in a source language (SL) and how the metaphor sentences are maintained in the target language (TL).Keywords : Metaphor, Translation Strategies, Maintain Metaphor

Overlapping positive and negative regulatory elements determine lens-specific activity of the delta 1-crystallin enhancer

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 5206-5215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Kamachi ◽  
H Kondoh
Keyword(s):  
Mutational Analysis ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Positive Element ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Enhancer Activity ◽  
Negative Element ◽  
Positive Elements ◽  
Lens Cells ◽  
Specific Regulation

Lens-specific expression of the delta 1-crystallin gene is governed by an enhancer in the third intron, and the 30-bp-long DC5 fragment was found to be responsible for eliciting the lens-specific activity. Mutational analysis of the DC5 fragment identified two contiguous, interdependent positive elements and a negative element which overlaps the 3'-located positive element. Previously identified ubiquitous factors delta EF1 bound to the negative element and repressed the enhancer activity in nonlens cells. Mutation and cotransfection analyses indicated the existence of an activator which counteracts the action of delta EF1 in lens cells, probably through binding site competition. We also found a group of nuclear factors, collectively called delta EF2, which bound to the 5'-located positive element. delta EF2a and -b were the major species in lens cells, whereas delta EF2c and -d predominated in nonlens cells. These delta EF2 proteins probably cooperate with factors bound to the 3'-located element in activation in lens cells and repression in nonlens cells. delta EF2 proteins also bound to a promoter sequence of the gamma F-crystallin gene, suggesting that delta EF2 proteins are involved in lens-specific regulation of various crystallin classes.

scholarly journals THE MAPPING OF ACTION VERBS IN THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH FOR FOOD PRODUCTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Putu Dian Yuliani Paramita ◽  
Utik Kuntariati
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Mapping Technique ◽  
Exponential Mapping ◽  
Subtle Difference ◽  
Action Verb ◽  
Data Source ◽  
The One ◽  
Procedural Text ◽  
Action Verbs ◽  
Translation Procedure

This study is focused on the procedure of verbs’ translation in English (source language) into Indonesian language (target language), and how the mapping of action verb meanings in the procedural text. The research uses qualitative method, employing a cooking book recipe “Step by Step Cooking Balinese Delightful for Everyday” as its data source and its Indonesian translation. The theory used in this research is the theory of Vinay and Darbelnet (in Venuti, 2000) about translation procedures that include borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. The theory of applying the natural semantic metalanguage approach (NSM) proposed by Wierzbicka (1996) is used to discuss the mapping of English action verbs. The theory is applied in order to explain how the Indonesian action verb meanings are mapped into English, with the exponential mapping technique. The description of the mapping meanings including the exponential mapping to the action verb of the Indonesian language has produced a new dimension. This new dimension turns out to be able to explore the meaning of the lexical item including the one that has even a subtle difference, therefore there is no more swirling of meaning. Keywords: translation procedure, action verb, mapping of meaning

scholarly journals Multiple control elements in the TRP1 promoter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 4251-4258 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Kim ◽  
J Mellor ◽  
A J Kingsman ◽  
S M Kingsman
Keyword(s):  
Positive Element ◽  
Northern Blotting ◽  
Tata Box ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Multiple Control ◽  
Negative Element ◽  
Consensus Sequences ◽  
Positive Elements ◽  
The Difference

The TRP1 promoter generates two groups of mRNAs, transcript I and transcript II. The difference in size between the largest and smallest mRNAs is about 200 base pairs. A series of one-sided and internal deletions were constructed in vitro throughout the TRP1 promoter, and the effect of each deletion on transcription was assessed by Northern blotting. We showed that 395 base pairs of the TRP1 promoter were sufficient for the normal transcription of all RNAs and that the promoter contained two control domains. The control domain for transcript I consisted of one positive element and one negative element, while the control domain for transcript II contained two positive elements. The negative element, mapped between -293 and -318, expression of transcript I. Two regions of transcript I. Two regions (-280 to -236 and -235 to -209) were required for accurate initiation of transcript I. Each region contained sequences homologous to known consensus sequences of the TATA box.

SYNTACTIC TRANSFORMATIONS IN TRANSLATING A SCIENCE ARTICLE

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-80
Author(s):  
O. O. Mykhailenko
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Scientific Texts ◽  
Original Sentence ◽  
Language Norms ◽  
Science Article

Publishing the research results in a science article with an international professional journal is an optimal way of sharing the information about newest discoveries in the world of science and technology. Not all scientists have a command of English sufficient for writing a science article, in compliance with high language requirements of leading scientific journals. So, the services of highly-qualified translators of scientific texts into English are in great request, and Ukraine is not an exception. Apart from the basic components of translator’s professional competence, especially important is the knowledge of norms of the modern English language scientific discourse. A translator of scientific texts is to have solid knowledge of grammar of source and target languages, regularities in rendering grammar forms and constructions, translation transformations. The largest number of grammar problems in translation is related to understanding the syntactic structure of sentences and a translator’s ability to make necessary transformations. Our research was aimed at analyzing the role of syntactic transformations in reaching the adequacy in English translation of Ukrainian language articles from scientometric journals. The analysis proved that the majority of syntactic transformations were used to bring the source text in conformity with the target language norms. The measure of translation transformations was generally adequate, though there were cases of non-use of syntactic transformations where they were necessary. Grammar literalism was also observed, due to translator’s insufficient understanding of the sentence structure, lack of knowledge of grammar peculiarities of the target language and translation solutions available for solving a particular translation problem. A translator of scientific texts should be particularly attentive to the syntax of the original sentence, analyse it properly, identify grammar phenomena that may cause translation problems and may need syntactic transformations, and build a translated sentence in accordance with the science language norms.

scholarly journals IX. On a new form of voltaic battery

1884 ◽  
Vol 37 (232-234) ◽  
pp. 141-142
Keyword(s):  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Positive Element ◽  
Negative Element ◽  
Sodium Batteries ◽  
New Form ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Cost ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Soda Solution ◽  
A Current

The battery which I have the honour to bring under the notice of the Royal Society is one of high electromotive force, namely, about two and three quarter volts, and a single cell consequently decomposes water; it is very light and portable, and convenient for many purposes. The electro-positive element is sodium, the electro-negative element is either carbon, spongy platinum,copper, or other metallic gauze; no fluid is used in which to immerse the plates, but the atmospheric air which is always impregnated with more or less hygrometric moisture serves to set up the action of the battery by giving up sufficient moisture to wet the surface of the sodium, so that a very thin film of fluid (a solution of soda), is thus interposed between the sodium and electro-negative element, and the internal resistance is very small in consequence of the thinness of the film of fluid. The sodium is used in the form of plates, conveniently about a quarter of an inch thick, and the plates of carbon, of which one is placed on each side of the sodium, a little longer and about the same thickness as the sodium; these plates, carbon, sodium, carbon, are kept together by means of vulcanised rubber bands, and suspended vertically, a vessel being placed underneath to receive the soda solution as it forms. A battery composed of plates 10 inches long and ½ an inch wide gives a current of 0·122 ampére at first starting, but as polarisation takes place, after five minutes, only 0·079 ampère. The cost of a battery of this size is 0·40 fr. (4 d . about), it remains in action for six days without the renewal of the sodium. Batteries of larger dimensions, as for example 10 inches long and 15/8 inches wide, last four weeks, because the action is chiefly on the edges of the sodium plate, and the broader the plate the longer the sodium lasts without renewal.

scholarly journals THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF METAPHOR IN THE MAGIC OF THINKING BIG TRANSLATED INTO BAHASA INDONESIA BY DIAN PARAMESTI BAHAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khairani Hayat Situmorang ◽  
I Wy. Dirgeyasa ◽  
Zanuddin Zainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Qualitative Design ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Free Translation ◽  
Dead Metaphor ◽  
Word Translation ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia ◽  
Communicative Translation

The research dealt with Metaphor Sentences. The aims of this study were: (1) to find out the translation strategies of metaphors are used in The Magic of Thinking Big and (2) to describe the translation strategies maintain metaphors in The Magic of Thinking Big. The research was conducted by using qualitative design. The data of this study were sentences. The data were collected through documentary technique and the instrument was the documentary sheet. The technique of data analysis was descriptive. The finding of this study revealed that: (1) The metaphor in The magic of Thinking Big were translated by applying six translation strategies, namely: word for word Translation (5.3%) lieral translation (4.3%), faithful translation (57.5%), Free translation (3.2%), communicative translation (30.5%) and discursive creation was found (2.2%). (2) The metaphors are maintained that found in the Magic of Thinking Big are original metaphors turned into another original metaphors, stock metaphors turned into another stock metaphors, adapted metaphors turned into adapted metaphors, dead metaphors turned into dead metaphors, original metaphor turned into stock metaphor, stock metaphor turned into original metaphor, meanwhile, 10 original metaphors and 1 dead metaphor are no longer classified as metaphors. Language has special characteristic that is metaphor sentences, therefore in the case of translating of metaphor sentences in which their concept in unknown for readers, the translator often faces the problems to find out the translation strategies to translate metaphor in a source language (SL) and how the metaphor sentences are maintained in the target language (TL).Keywords : Metaphor, Translation Strategies, Maintain Metaphor               

scholarly journals Translation of Ukrainian Scientific Literature on Computer Technology into English: Grammatical Aspect

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (26) ◽  
pp. 111-121
Author(s):  
Anatolii Naumenko ◽  
Natalia Zhmaieva ◽  
Vira Kiosse
Keyword(s):  
Computer Technology ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Grammatical Aspect ◽  
Word Translation

The article deals with the specifics of rendering grammatical peculiarities of Ukrainian scientific literature into English. The results of the paper discover that changes in the structure of the translated variant in comparison to the source language are made according to the norms of the target language. The most frequent transformations are substitution of grammatical category and sentence structure, transpositions. Less frequent transformations are word-for-word translation, partioning and integration of sentences.

The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) translation procedure for standardized quality of life questionnaires

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 16033-16033
Author(s):  
M. Koller ◽  
N. K. Aaronson ◽  
J. Blazeby ◽  
A. Bottomley ◽  
C. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Future Research ◽  
East European ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Translation Procedure

16033 Background: The EORTC Quality of Life (QoL) Group has developed a modular approach to QoL measurement for use in clinical trials in cancer. Questionnaires are used in international trials and standardized translation procedures are therefore required. This report summarizes the EORTC translation procedure, its accomplishments and translation problems. Methods: Translations follow a forward-backward procedure, independently carried out by two native-speakers of the target language. Discrepancies are arbitrated by a third consultant, and solutions are reached by consensus. Translated questionnaires undergo pilot-testing. Suggestions (by patients and users) are incorporated into the final questionnaire version. Most translations are performed by professional translators. The translation procedure is managed and supervised by the Translation Committee within the EORTC QoL Group. Results: To date, the core EORTC QoL questionnaire, the QLQ-C30, has been translated and validated into 62 languages, with a further 12 translations in progress. Translations include all major Western languages, East European languages, Asian languages and also remote languages, such as Xhoza (Africa).The validated, condition-specific questionnaire modules have been translated in up to 37 languages. The following major translation problems were encountered: lack of expressions for specific symptoms in various languages, the quest for formal versus informal versions, recent spelling reforms in several European countries, and different weights of social issues between Western and Eastern cultures. The EORTC measurement system is now registered for use in over 9000 clinical studies in 80 countries worldwide. Conclusions: The EORTC provides a strong infrastructure and methodology to produce high quality translations of their QoL questionnaires for use in international clinical trials. Translation problems have been identified and it will be an important topic for future research to specify whether these problems arise out of procedural/methodological shortcomings or are due to subtle cross-cultural differences in concepts of health, illness and QoL. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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