Free indirect speech in Croatian oral folk tales

This paper considers free indirect speech (FIS) in Croatian oral folk tales (fairy tales, legends, oral tradition and fables). Oral folk tales (folklore) from all parts of Croatia, and that in all three Croatian dialects (the Shtokavian, the Chakavian, and the Kajkavian) have been analysed. Special attention is paid to first-hand accounts according to authentic tellings in recent times. The types of FIS that are commonly attributed to the linguo-stylistic characteristics of modern art prose have been con[1]sidered. Additionally, some techniques that also indicate SNG have been analysed, which has neither been noticed nor described in the hitherto Croatian philological literature. It is concluded that FIS is a linguo-stylistic device which affects the way of delivering (creating) a story, but it is also a feature which distinguishes one tale from another.

A Cognitive Stylistic Analysis of Catharsis Used by Husseini Preachers

This study deals with catharsis as a cognitive stylistic device used to expel fear and anxiety for the sake of changing the audience toward better by preachers in Husseini discourse – Hussein is a grand Shiite Muslim leader. It aims to explicate the exploitation of catharsis by Husseini preachers and the conceptualization of such phenomenon by the audience. The study adapts the emotion model developed by Kovecses (2000); five stages are utilized: cause of the emotion, emotion, control, loss of control, and behavioral response. Twenty Husseini sermons are analyzed according to the stages of the model. Consequently, the study has come up with considerable conclusions. Chief among them are: Husseini preachers pragmatically use prosodic features to convey catharsis. A further conclusion is that catharsis is utilized by Husseini preachers as a strategy to teach the audience all the objectives of the Husseini revolution and to connect the objectives to this age for the sake of reform, using the fear that can modulate the human behavior.

Language Means of Revealing Postmodern Ludic Absurd in English Literary Text

The fiction politics of contemporaneity reflects diversified patterns of language forms and their func- tions. This has brought to life experimental (postmodernist) writing the key principles of intertextuality, fragmentation, destruction, play. Postmodernist aesthetics caused a blurring of traditional genre canons that led to contamination of syncretic genre compounds through a grotesque transformation of traditional genre models and created an „estrangement? effect. The phenomenon of ludic absurd is viewed in three as- pects: 1) linguo-philosophical; 2) cognitive; 3) poetic. The present study focuses on the analysis of ludic absurd; the role of graphic, phonetic, morphemic, word-forming, syntactical, semantic mechanisms, based on the intentional deviation of language norm, play on words; cognitive mechanisms, generated by ad-hoc way of thinking. The conducted linguopoetic analysis of American postmodern short stories suggests that ludic absurd as a stylistic device of postmodern poetics manifests itself at all language levels (lexical, syn- tactic, semasiological, and textual) and is realized via the semantic asymmetry of lexical units, using illog- ical, but grammatically correct syntactic constructions, syntactic mismatch of sentences and whole text fragments. Prospects for further studies consist in clarifying the pragmatic role of ludic absurd in the postmodern literary text; expanding the taxonomy of lexico-semantic, stylistic, and syntactic and paragraphemic means of ludic absurd.

STYLISTIC DEVICES IN REVEALING CHARACTERS’ EMOTIONS AND WAYS OF THEIR TRANSLATION

The present research focuses on the analysis of the most common stylistic devices that are used to depict characters’ emotions in two novels “Flowers for Algernon” (2006) and “The Minds of Billy Milligan” (1995) written by the American author Daniel Keyes. The patterns of translation of emotionally coloured extracts of the text where these stylistic devices have been used are analysed in this research. As stylistic devices are considered to be an integral part of the composition of works of fiction and they add emotional colouring and exert pragmatic influence on the readers, translators Viktor Shovkun and Olena Stusenko faced onerous work as their task was to find accurate equivalents and use translation transformations in order to avoid literal translation, achieve adequacy on all levels and preserve the stylistic colouring. Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that the translation should fully replace the original text and recipients should perceive the translated text as identical to the original even though stylistic devices and the emotional component of linguistic semantics are arduous to convey in translation. This research also concludes that translators most often resorted to lexical (concretization, generalization and modulation), lexico-grammatical (omission and addition) and grammatical (verbalization and nominalization) translation transformations to avoid literal translation. It has also been established and verified by a comparative method that more stylistic devices are used in the Ukrainian translation than in the original text. The most widely used stylistic devices are metaphors, epithets, comparisons and idioms. Key words: stylistic device, translation transformation, source text, target text, pragmatics, communicative intention, emotions.

The Image of Woman in English Proverbs: A Stylistic Analysis

This article deals with the English proverbs containing the concept of woman. The aim of the research was to analyse the means of expression used to portray the woman in her various social roles, to describe her personal traits and to reveal the attitude towards women in the society. The novelty of this paper lies in systematizing the stylistic devices used in proverbs about women and discovering a device that has not been included in the existing classifications of expressive means. In the course of the research, the authors selected English proverbs with the lexeme woman and analysed them from the point of view of stylistics. The fact that such proverbs are highly numerous indicates the importance of gender relations in a society, while their subject matter demonstrates an arrogant and often dismissive attitude towards women in a world dominated by men. The stylistic analysis found metaphor, simile and epithet to be the most productive lexical devices in creating a negative image of women, while parallelism, antithesis and repetition seem to be the most frequent syntactic devices serving to emphasize the connotations of the proverbs. Irony and paradox render the sarcastic, condescending attitude towards women; this function is also performed by intentionally illogical sequences of homogeneous parts of the sentence, when women are placed on a par with animals, inanimate objects, and the elements (the stylistic device for the first time described by the authors). It should be noted that the characteristic features of proverbs as a genre of folk art, i.e. rhythmic, intonational, and phonetic, are inherent in English proverbs about women as well. The material obtained can be used in linguistics courses at universities.

Detective Fictions: The ‘baby-farming detective’ in Britain, 1867–97

This article examines a series of investigations into the activities of women engaged in the provision of paid childcare and collectively labelled with the term ‘baby-farmer’. This paper looks at the practice of writers representing themselves as ‘baby-farming detectives’. Along with exploring the use of the detective investigation as a stylistic device, it will contend that the strictures it imposed informed the relationship these writers have with paid child-carers. The article also explores how the notion of ‘detectives’ and ‘suspects’ spoke of an assumed right to subject working-class women to inspection. It concludes that these detective fantasies were ultimately unsuccessful as they were unable to solve either the cases they encountered, or the symbolic problem of baby-farming, leaving these narratives curiously unresolved and their writers impotent. This article not only seeks to explain how and why the link between pecuniary childcare and infant murder was forged and maintained but asserts that this narrative technique has wider implications for scholars of nineteenth-century culture.

A Pragma- Stylistic Analysis of Formal Congratulatory Letters in English and Arabic

Politeness strategies are of significant importance to maintain the face of the addressee. Senders of formal congratulatory letters seek to create a positive image in the minds of their addresses by performing particular illocutionary acts and face-saving acts (FSAs) in the form of written texts. To the best knowledge of the researcher, this topic received little attention from linguistic researchers, especially on the pragma-stylistic level. The importance of this study arises from the fact that congratulatory formal letters are an effective tool in the successful performance of foreign relations and thus deserve investigation. The current study investigates the pragma-stylistic aspects of illocutionary acts and FSA Politeness Strategies in some selected English and Arabic formal congratulatory letters written by English and Arabic officials. Findings reveal that assertive constitutes the highest frequency in English data, while expressive occurs more in Arabic. Besides, the FSA politeness strategy (Use appropriate forms of address) includes most of the total frequency in both English and Arabic data, which still it appeared more in English. Additionally, (Exaggerate interest, sympathy with H) comes next in Arabic, while (Be optimistic) appeared more in English. In addition, results show that exaggeration (Hyperbole) is the prevalent stylistic device used in Arabic. Arabic officials usually exaggerate the glorification of people in authoritative positions, while English high officials tend to be more moderate. The findings will be helpful in cross-cultural comparative studies and other related fields.

Asindetske rečenice kao jezičko-stilska dominanta pripovijedaka Jovana Radulovića

The paper pinpoints and describes asyndetic sentences as the linguistic and stylistic dominant of Jovan Radulović’s short stories. The analysis was primarily syntac- tic-semantic, because its goal was to single out and describe the basic structural-semantic models of asyndetic sentences in Radulović’s literary work. The method of analysis was analytical-synthetic. The analysis of asyndetic sentences in Jovan Radulović’s short stories greatly chang- es the view on the syntactic-semantic and stylistic status of these sentences in the language in general, and in the literary-artistic style in particular. Namely, Jovan Radulović shows originality and innovation by creating as many as five structural-semantic types of asyndetic sentences. Thus Radulović forms asyndetic sentences: 1) whose clauses combine narrative and direct speech as the speech of literary characters, 2) whose clauses combine narrative and free indirect speech, 3) whose clauses represent sentences of different functional goal or purpose, 4) which combine clauses expressed by predicate and non-verbal statements, and 5) whose asyndetic clauses allow“insertion” into the structure of another asyndetic clause. And it is exactly these types that represent the main argument that asyndetic sentences are structured according to the principles of the (bound) text, and not according to the princi- ples of a complex sentence. The analysis also showed that Jovan Radulović often includes a syndetic clause in the structure of polyclause asyndetic sentences in the mesophoric or epiphoric position for semantic and / or stylistic reasons, thus forming an asyndetic-syndetic sentence, which represents a comparative basis for declaring asyndetic sentences as a stylistic device. The analysis also showed that Jovan Radulović uses three orthographic signs for syntactic delimitation of clauses without conjuntions in the asyndetic sentence, namely commas, dashes and semicolons, where the comma is the most common and structurally- stylistically unmarked sign, while dash and semicolon are always used intentionally: for a special or structural or semantic, or stylistic emphasis on the role of one of the clauses within the whole asyndetic sentence.

INTENTIONAL LEXICAL DEVIATIONS IN FICTION AS A TRANSLATION PROBLEM (BASED ON “FLOWERS FOR ALGERNON” BY D. KEYES)

The article examines intentional lexical deviations in a literary text on the example of “Flowers for Algernon” by D. Keyes and its translation into Russian. Writing the text, the author can use such violations as an effective stylistic device to create a specific speech portrait of a character. Changes in the intellect and consciousness of the protagonist of the novel are revealed in the lexical level of the language: as intellectual development progresses, the flow of the character’s thoughts becomes logical, the vocabulary is enriched with new “complex” expressions, lexical errors disappear, and the character’s speech acquires expressiveness and artistic imagery. To translate texts containing intentional lexical deviations adequately, the translator should be creative and resourceful, which often requires the use of translation strategies and various kinds of transformations, such as generalization, omission and holistic transformation.

A Pragma- Stylistic Analysis of Formal Congratulatory Letters in English and Arabic

Politeness strategies are of significant importance to maintain the face of the addressee. Senders of formal congratulatory letters seek to create a positive image in the minds of their addresses by performing particular illocutionary acts and face-saving acts (FSAs) in the form of written texts. To the best knowledge of the researcher, this topic received little attention from linguistic researchers, especially on the pragma-stylistic level. The importance of this study arises from the fact that congratulatory formal letters are an effective tool in the successful performance of foreign relations and thus deserve investigation. The current study investigates the pragma-stylistic aspects of illocutionary acts and FSA Politeness Strategies in some selected English and Arabic formal congratulatory letters written by English and Arabic officials. Findings reveal that assertive constitutes the highest frequency in English data, while expressive occurs more in Arabic. Besides, the FSA politeness strategy (Use appropriate forms of address) includes most of the total frequency in both English and Arabic data, which still it appeared more in English. Additionally, (Exaggerate interest, sympathy with H) comes next in Arabic, while (Be optimistic) appeared more in English. In addition, results show that exaggeration (Hyperbole) is the prevalent stylistic device used in Arabic. Arabic officials usually exaggerate the glorification of people in authoritative positions, while English high officials tend to be more moderate. The findings will be helpful in cross-cultural comparative studies and other related fields.