ANALYZING THE TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN CULTURAL TERMS IN NOVEL ‘TARIAN BUMI’ TRANSLATED INTO ‘EARTH DANCE’

This research aims to obtain a deeper understanding of the Indonesian cultural terms in the novel Tarian Bumi and their translation into English, Earth Dance. This research focuses on the use of translation strategies, equivalences, errors, and factors affecting the errors. It uses a qualitative approach with the content analysis method. Both of the novels were read to find data. The collected data was divided, analyzed, and compared with their translation. The data analysis and explanation indicate that the strategy used in the translation of the cultural terms is a translation procedure amounted to 11 procedures, couplets and triplets are also used. The translation is oriented towards the source language because the translator often used procedures and equivalence oriented to the source language. The result of this research is also to look for translation errors of cultural terms and factors affecting the errors and to find how to solve them. It is caused by knowledge of the translator and different cultures. This research will give some benefits for those who are interested in studying the translation theory and other students who want to research Indonesian cultural terms translated into English.

Translation and adaptation of the EORTC QLQ-LC 29 for use in Chinese patients with lung cancer

Background The latest European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire-Lung Cancer 29 (QLQ-LC29) has been translated and validated in several languages but not yet in simplified Chinese. This study aimed to translate this questionnaire into simplified Chinese and adapt it for use in Chinese patients with lung cancer. Methods The translation and adaptation process followed the EORTC translation procedure, and consisted of eight steps, namely, translation preparation, forward translations, reconciled translation, back translations, a back translation report, proofreading, pilot testing, and finalisation. The pilot testing included 10 patients with lung cancer. Results We obtained the permission to perform the EORTC QLQ-LC29 translation work on November 17, 2020. Thereafter, it took 3 weeks to complete the forward translations, reconciled translation, and back translations. After several rounds of discussion with the EORTC Translation Unit, 19 items used the existing translations from the EORTC Item Library (a database of EORTC questionnaire items and their translations), and 10 items were translated from scratch. The 10 patients included in the pilot testing phase had a median age of 64 years (range 31–69 years); five were male, five had an educational level of high school or above, and six had undergone surgery. Eight items received comments from patients (six items by one patient alone and the other two items by three patients). No patients commented on the instructions or the format used for responses. After discussion with the EORTC Translation Unit, we modified the Chinese wording in item 50 to ensure that the meaning of “lifeless” was clear. No changes were made to the remaining items. Conclusions The simplified Chinese version of the EORTC QLQ-LC29 is now available on the EORTC website. This translation may contribute to the application of the EORTC QLQ-LC29 scale in both research and clinical practice in the Chinese population with lung cancer. Further evaluation of the psychometric properties of the translated EORTC QLQ-LC29 is warranted.

Semic verbalisation: A systematic procedure for the replication of meaning in translating lexical items

The purpose of this article is to introduce a systematic translation procedure called Semic Verbalisation (SV), which draws on componential analysis so as to first lexicalise and then translate a word's sense components. While construing a hybrid denotational-mentalistic conception of meaning, a series of steps will be formulated that are useful for solving various prac-tical translation problems. The procedure is based on philosophy of lan-guage (Russell, Tarski, Frege, Quine and Wittgenstein), linguistics (Katz & Fodor) and translation studies (in particular Newmark). Its practical appli-cations for translation studies will be illustrated, and, in the discussion, its advanta ges and drawbacks will be scrutinised from both a theoretical and a practical perspective

The translation evaluation of google translation

Machine translation (MT) offers great assistantship when people have difficulties in understanding or comprehend text of their non-native language both in spoken and written language. One kind of machine translation is Google Translation that can be got on their hand just by using mobile phone. This machine can help people to translate the text from one language to another one, in short time. This study aims at finding out the translation procedures found in the translation product by Google Translation and analyzing the errors occurred in Google Translation product. The data of this study are in the form of written data taken from a bilingual children story book of archipelago legend, which consists of 100 lines. There is a source language text in Bahasa Indonesia which is translated into English by using Google translation. The texts are chosen as it contains several sentences that are constructed by paying attention on the rhyme of ending sounds. The data of this study were analyzed through qualitative method. The translation results were analyzed based on translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet (1989). Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that translation procedures used by Google Translation found in the data source are borrowing, calque, literal, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. The most dominant type of translation procedure is literal translation. It has the highest frequency data; with a total of 50 data (50 %). Some errors are found in the result of Google translation. They are the errors in the use of pronoun, the use of plural and singular noun and inconsistency in the translation of name. Those errors are caused by limitation of machine in detecting the context of the text. Thus, the translated text is incoherent.

REPLACEMENT OF ENGLISH FICTION SIMILE MAPPINGS IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATIONS

The purpose of the article is to establish correlations between the presence or absence of cultural specificity of a source-text simile and its replacement with a target-text simile based on a different cognitive model. The paper rests on D.Tartt’s and M. Atwood’s novels and their translations.Methods. The research employs structural-semantic translation analysis, which allows identifying translation transformations, and cognitive translation analysis, which allows constructing cognitive propositional models of the source-text and target-text fiction similes and reveal if they are culturally specific. A simile is defined as an explicit conceptual metaphor, after G. Lakoff and M.Johnson. Cognitive propositional model of the simile is “A is like B”, where “A” and “B” are the target and source domains/concepts respectively. The research addresses the concepts of translation procedure, translation transformation and translation strategy. A translation procedure is conceived as a process of solving a translation problem, a translation transformation – as converting a text unit from one language to another and a translation strategy – as a translator’s general plan of action. Translation transformations are studied as specific linguistic instantiations of translation procedures.Results. The study differentiates between idiomatic, non-idiomatic and allusive conventional similes. It has been revealed that replacement of English fiction simile mappings applies to idiomatic, non-idiomatic and allusive similes and is embodied in the Ukrainian language by culturally specific idiomatic similes.Conclusions. Replacement of fiction simile mappings is carried out by means of lexical-grammatical transformation of holistic substitution, which serves the strategy of domestication. The domestication strategy is compulsory if the translator is limited in making decisions by linguistic and cultural specificity of the English simile, as in the case of idiomatic similes, and it is optional in the case of non-idiomatic or allusive similes that are devoid of linguacultural specificity.Key words: allusive simile, cognitive translation analysis, idiomatic simile, non-idiomatic simile, translation procedure, translation strategy. Мета статті полягає у встановленні кореляцій між наявністю/відсутністю культурної специфіки порівняння тексту оригі-налу і використанням перекладачем процедури його заміни на порівняння, що базується на іншій когнітивній моделі. Робота виконана на матеріалі романів Д.Тартт та М. Етвуд та їхніх українських перекладів.Методи. У дослідженні використано структурно-семантичний перекладацький аналіз, що дозволяє виявити способи і трансформації перекладу і когнітивний перекладацький аналіз, що лежить в основі побудови когнітивних пропозиціональ-них моделей художніх порівнянь в оригіналі і перекладі, і дозволяє встановити, чи є вони культурно специфічними. Порівняння розглядається як експліцитна концептуальна метафора за Дж.Лакоффом та М.Джонсоном, когнітивна пропозиціональна модель якого має такий вигляд: «А є як Б», де «А» є доменом цілі, а «Б» – доменом джерела. У дослідженні визначаються поняття перекладацької процедури, способів/трансформацій перекладу та стратегій перекладу. Перекладацька процедура роз-глядається як процес вирішення перекладацької проблеми, способи/трансформації перекладу – як перетворення текстової одиниці з однієї мови на іншу, а стратегія перекладу – як загальний план дій перекладача. Способи/трансформації перекладу вивчаються як специфічне мовне втілення перекладацькоїпроцедури.Результати. У ході дослідження були розмежовані ідіоматичні, неідіоматичні та алюзивні конвенціональні порівняння. Визначено, що перекладацька заміна когнітивних моделей англомовних художніх порівнянь поширюється на ідіоматичні, неідіоматичні та алюзивні порівняння і втілюється в українській мові культурно специфічними ідіоматичними порівняннями.Висновки. Заміна когнітивних моделей порівнянь здійснюється за допомогою лексико-граматичної трансформації цілісної заміни, яка реалізує стратегію одомашнення. Стратегія одомашнення є примусовою, якщо перекладач є обмеженим у прийнятті рішень лінгвокультурною специфікою англомовного порівняння, як у випадку з ідіоматичними порівняннями, або факультативною, як у випадку з неідіоматичними або алюзивними порівняннями, які не є лінгвокультурно маркованими. Ключові слова: алюзивне порівняння, ідіоматичне порівняння, когнітивний перекладацький аналіз, неідіоматичне порівняння, перекладацька процедура, стратегія перекладу.

In Other Words

This empirical study takes a cognitive perspective and examines the translation of metaphors in speeches by Chinese President Xi Jinping as collected in the first volume of the book The Governance of China published in 2014. The study draws upon Lakoff and Johnson's conceptual metaphor theory and Newmark's categories of translation procedure for metaphors. The researchers' data analysis has shown that (1) four out of the eight existing translation procedures for metaphors are employed in translating Xi's metaphors, and (2) while the use of one translation procedure reflects similar cognitive mapping conditions between the source and the target culture, the use of the other procedures does not always correlate with the similarities or differences in cognitive mappings between the two cultures in question. The research raises new inquiries regarding metaphor translation, and the researchers accordingly discuss the implications of their findings for metaphor translation pedagogy and future translation studies.

AN ANALYSIS OF TERM SARIYYAH IN THE TRANSLATION OF THE BOOK TITLED NURUL YAQIN FI SIRAH SAYYIDIL MURSALIN (2010) BY SHEIKH MUHAMMAD AL-KHUDHARIY

This paper presents the analysis of the translation of the term sariyyah in the book “Nurul Yaqin Fi Sirah Sayyidil Mursalin” by Sheikh Muhammad Al-Khudhari. The translator of this book does not translate the term sariyyah. This translating process is called foreignization, the opposite of localization. The data was taken from the book “Nurul Yaqin Fi Sirah Sayyidil Mursalin” by Sheikh Muhammad Al-Khudhari which was published by Dar El Hadits, Cairo in 2010, with a total of 270 pages and its Indonesian translation book entitled “Nurul Yaqin Sirah Nabi Muhamad Pemimpin Para Rasul” (Nurul Yaqin The Biography of Muhammad PBUH, Leader of the Apostles). The word sariyyah is repeated 45 times in the Arabic book and 46 times in the Indonesian translated book. The researcher used the descriptive analysis method with the Peter New Mark translation procedure approach using the V diagram translation theory. The analysis results prove that the word sariyyah is not translated because the translator is doubtful about the appropriate sariyyah word matching in Indonesian.

Translation of Indonesian Cultural Terms in Rainbow Troops Novel: Investigating Translation Procedures

This study is to identify the Indonesian Cultural Terms (ICTs) in Rainbow Troops as the English translated novel by Angie Kilbane from Laskar Pelangi original Indonesian novel by Andrea Hirata and to analyze the translation procedures of ICTs. A qualitative approach is applied in this research by using the content analysis. The result shows that there are five categories of cultural terms such as ecology; material culture; social culture; organizations/customs/ideas/activities/procedures/ concepts, and; gestures and habits. Thev highest percentage of ICT’s is 28.13% which is categorized into organizations, customs, ideas, activities, procedures, concepts. It is a novel with an educational background because it illustrates a lot of activities of teachers and students at school. The translation procedure mostly uses borrowing with 54.17% which proves some vocabulary deficiencies in translated novel since the translator could not find the equivalent cultural terms from the original novel.

NATURALIZATION IN TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH ACCOUNTING TERMS INTO INDONESIAN

This research was to analyze the process of spelling adjustment of naturalization applied in translation of English accounting terms into Indonesian. The objective of the study was to find out the Process of spelling adjustment of naturalization were used by accounting terms. This research used a descriptive and qualitative method. The data of this study were words containing naturalization were taken from the translation of selected articles of accounting textbook, Accounting 21e (2008). The data were collected through documentary technique. The data analysis was concerned of the implementation of spelling adjustment of naturalization. The findings show that naturalization in English-Indonesian accounting terms occurred in three categories, namely grapheme, and syllabic adapatation (double consonant become single consonant and consonant inhibitory. The products of naturalization have followed the guidance yet several new adjustment standards need to be included to enrich the pattern of foreign term adoption. In addition, this study recommends that proess of absorption in the Indonesian guidance of term formation needs to be revisited in order to precisely classify how foreign terms spelling adjustment is made in the Indonesian language Keywords: Naturalization, Translation Procedure, Accounting Terms, Spelling Adjustment

Adaptation of Hoarding Rating Scale Interview in Urdu for Use in Pakistan

Background: Hoarding Rating Scale Interview (HRS-I) is a brief five item instrument to assess symptoms of hoarding in both clinical and non-clinical population. Aim: To adapt and validate HRS-I in Urdu language for its convenient use in Pakistan. Methods: Sample consisted of 112 adults from both clinical and a control group. The scale was translated in Urdu following standard translation procedure and data was collected to determine the psychometric properties of translated version. Reliability and validity estimates were established using different statistical analysis. Results: Cronbach alpha value (.82) suggested an acceptable level of internal consistency. Factor structure was found to be consistent with original English version of HRS-I and correlations were found to be high for like subscales than other subscales except for a positive but non-significant correlation between acquisition item of HRS-I and acquisition subscale of SI-R. Though it significantly correlated with total scale score on HRS-I. Conclusion: The results of the study provide evidence for preliminary acceptable psychometric properties of Urdu version of Hoarding Rating Scale-Interview and proves it to be a time efficient and promising tool to assess hoarding in cultural context of Pakistan. MeSH words: HRS-I, Validation study, Assessment of Hoarding, Cultural adaptation