Automated Bus Ticketing System

The regular traditional ticketing system originates with ticket papers dispensed by the staff conductor is replaced by the self-service vending machines. This replaced automated ticketing machine reduces the human work and make the ticketing system easier and used by all the people. This ticketing machine helps the people to easily print the ticket in one touch. The microcontroller that controls all the processes such like controlling the coin box and buttoning system, displaying the ticket and printing the ticket. The machine at the entry and exit end is operated with microcontroller. At the entry side the passenger can print the ticket in their own by selecting the starting and ending point then inserting the corresponding amount in the coin box. At the exit side the controller controls the driver control, display unit and the swiping section. The ticket should be swiped to get the door to open. This swiping section at the exit end helps to avoid cheating. This system is additionally provided with the driver control where the driver of that bus has one control. The driver can indicate the current stopping point of the bus where it is in.

CHD4 slides nucleosomes by decoupling entry- and exit-side DNA translocation

SummaryChromatin remodellers hydrolyse ATP to move nucleosomal DNA against histone octamers. The mechanism, however, is only partially resolved, and unclear if it is conserved among the four remodeller families. Here we use single-molecule assays to examine the mechanism of action of CHD4, which is part of the least well understood family of remodellers. We demonstrate that the binding energy for CHD4-nucleosome complex formation – even in the absence of nucleotide – triggers significant conformational changes in DNA at the entry side, effectively priming the system for remodelling. During remodelling, flanking DNA enters the nucleosome in a continuous, gradual manner but exits in concerted 4–6 base-pair steps. This decoupling of entry- and exit-side translocation suggests that ATP-driven movement of entry-side DNA builds up strain inside the nucleosome that is subsequently released at the exit side by DNA expulsion. We propose a mechanism for nucleosome sliding based on these and published data.

Asymmetry between the two acidic patches dictates the direction of nucleosome sliding by the ISWI chromatin remodeler

The acidic patch is a functionally important epitope on each face of the nucleosome that affects chromatin remodeling. Although related by 2-fold symmetry of the nucleosome, each acidic patch is uniquely positioned relative to a bound remodeler. An open question is whether remodelers are distinctly responsive to each acidic patch. Previously we reported a method for homogeneously producing asymmetric nucleosomes with distinct H2A/H2B dimers (Levendosky et al., 2016). Here, we use this methodology to show that the Chd1 remodeler from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and ISWI remodelers from human and Drosophila have distinct spatial requirements for the acidic patch. Unlike Chd1, which is equally affected by entry- and exit-side mutations, ISWI remodelers strongly depend on the entry-side acidic patch. Remarkably, asymmetry in the two acidic patches stimulates ISWI to slide mononucleosomes off DNA ends, overriding the remodeler’s preference to shift the histone core toward longer flanking DNA.

Edge Profiling of Titanium Alloys and Attainable Surface Quality

Machining operations such as reaming, boring or milling create undesirable extruded sharp edges at the entry and exit side of the machined holes. These sharp burrs / extruded edges act as stress concentration regions for fatigue crack propagation in safety critical aerospace components. In this paper, results of an experimental investigation carried out on surface integrity of titanium based alloy during mechanized edge profiling process are presented. In the Mechanized Edge Profiling (MEP) process the primary sharp edges created as result of hole machining are removed using a hard point countersink tool and the secondary sharp edges produced due to countersinking/chamfering the hole entry and exit side edges are radiused using nylon impregnated silicon carbide brushes. On-machine edge profiling experiments were conducted using compliant Flexhone™ and Novoflex™ globular abrasive brushes on highly stressed bolt/flange holes. Brushing speed and feed rate were identified as key process variables. Nylon impregnated with silicon carbide 320 grit brush showed good performance when brushing at a speed of 5000rpm and 5000mm/min feed rate which produced a very consistent and controlled secondary edge radius of 0.3±0.2mm up to 30 holes. An acceptable surface roughness (Ra) of less than 0.5μm on the chamfer and bore surfaces were achieved.

Investigations on the Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics in a Trapezoid Duct for Turbine Blade Leading Edge

To evaluate the application of the impingement cooling in a trapezoidal duct, particularly the influence on internal cooling of the cross flow and swirl flow. Experimental and numerical studies have been performed. The experiment focuses on the heat transfer characteristics in the duct, when the numerical simulation focuses on the flow characteristics. Four Reynolds numbers (10000, 20000, 30000 and 40000), six cross flow mass flow ratios (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) and two impingement angle (35° and 45°) are considered in both the experiment and the numerical simulation. The temperature on the target wall and the exit side wall is measured by the thermocouples, when the realizable k-ε turbulence model and enhanced wall treatment are performed using a commercial code Fluent. The results show that only part of the jets contribute in the heat transfer enhancement on the target wall, the other jets improve a large anticlockwise vortex occupied the upper part of the duct and drive strong swirl flow. The heat transfer on the exit side wall is enhanced by the swirl flow. The cross flow is induced in the duct by the outflow of the end exit hole. It deflects the jets and abates the impingement cooling on the target wall in the downstream region but has no evidently effect on the heat transfer on the exit side wall. Higher impingement angle helps to augment the impingement cooling on the target wall and improves the resistance ability of the jets against the effect of the cross flow. The heat transfer enhancement ability on the target wall and exit side wall in the present duct is compared to that of a smooth duct. The Nusselt number of the former is about 3 times higher than that of the latter. It indicates that the impingement and swirl play equally important roles in the heat transfer enhancement in the present duct. Empirical dimensionless correlations based on the present experiment data are presented in the paper.