Enrichment of gas storage in clathrate hydrates by optimizing the molar liquid water–gas ratio

Methane and carbon dioxide storage in hydrate form.

Crystal structure of a new hydrate form of the NSAID sodium diclofenac

The crystal structure is reported of sodium 2-[2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetate 3.5-hydrate or tetra-μ-aqua-κ8 O:O-decaaquabis{μ3-2-[2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetato-κ3 O:O:O}tetrasodium(I) bis{2-[2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetate}, {[Na4(C14H10Cl2NO2)2(H2O)14](C14H10Cl2NO2)2} n , which represents a new hydrate form of the NSAID sodium diclofenac (SD). The triclinic unit cell contains one ionic compound with formula Na4(C14H10Cl2NO2)4(H2O)14, in which two symmetry-related carboxylate anions C14H10Cl2NO2 − are bonded to a centrosymmetric [Na4]4+ core cationic cluster, while the others are only hydrogen bonded to the cationic cluster. The conformation for the anions is similar to that found in other diclofenac compounds, and the [Na4(Ocarbox)2(H2O)14]4+ cluster displays an unprecedented geometry, which can be described as an incomplete dicubane cluster formed by face-sharing incomplete cubes. A complex framework of O—H...O hydrogen bonds stabilizes the crystal structure. The herein reported crystal structure for SD·3.5H2O in space group P\overline{1} is different from those previously reported for other hydrates, namely SD·4.75H2O (P21) and SD·5H2O (P21/m).

Phase Transitions and Crystal Structures of Ni(II) Complexes Determined with X-ray Powder Diffraction Data

Structural changes of chloride and bromide complexes, [Ni(Et2en)2(H2O)2]Cl2 (designated as 1a) and [Ni(Et2en)2]Br2 (2a), have been investigated by using simultaneous measurements of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry data under the temperature and humidity controls. The hydrate form of chloride complex 1a was transformed into an anhydrate form (1b) by heating at a temperature of 361 K. Then the 1b was reversibly returned to the original 1a by humidification at 25% relative humidity (RH) and temperature of 300 K. On the other hand, the anhydrate form of the bromide complex 2a was first transformed into a hydrate form (2b) at 30% RH and 300 K. On heating, the 2b turned to a new anhydrate form (2c) at 344 K, and then it returned to the original form 2a on further heating. In the present experiments, a series of reactions of 2a proceeded via 2c, which was newly found with the benefit of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements performed in parallel to the XRD measurements. Crystal structures of new crystalline forms of 1b, 2b, and 2c were determined from the powder XRD data.

Technological Solutions for the Realization of NGH-Technology for Gas Transportation and Storage in Gas Hydrate Form

The technology of transportation and storage of gas in a gas-hydrated form under atmospheric pressure and slight cooling – the maximum cooled gas-hydrated blocks of a large size covered with a layer of ice are offered. Large blocks form from pre-cooled mixture of crushed and the granulated mass of gas hydrate. The technology of forced preservation gas hydrates with ice layer under atmospheric pressure has developed to increase it stability. The dependence in dimensionless magnitudes, which describes the correlation-regressive relationship between the temperature of the surface and the center gas hydrate block under its forced preservation, had proposed to facilitate the use of research results. Technology preservation of gas hydrate blocks with the ice layer under atmospheric pressure (at the expense of the gas hydrates energy) has designed to improve their stability. Gas hydrated blocks, thus formed, can are stored and transported during a long time in converted vehicles without further cooling. The high stability of gas hydrate blocks allows to distributed in time (and geographically) the most energy expenditure operations – production and dissociation of gas hydrate. The proposed technical and technological solutions significantly reduce the level of energy and capital costs and, as a result, increase the competitiveness of the stages NGH technology (production, transportation, storage, regasification).

Pharmacutico Analytical Study of Mukta Shukti Bhasma

Background: Mukta Shukti is an aquamarine calcium carbonate compound. Mukta Shukti Bhasma is a classical ethical economical medicament, effective in general practice, pharmaceutical processing as per texts with systematic observation and technological updating is carried out in the present work. Objectives: To prepare Mukta Shukti Bhasma by different Pharmaceutical processes and carry out the analytical study. Materials and Methods: Grahya Ashodhita Mukta Shukti was subjected to Shodhana by Kanji Swedana for 3 hours and then divided into two parts. The first part of Shodhita Mukata Shukti was incinerated totally and after 1st Puta it was divided into two portions, first portion was subjected to Jala Bhavana and incinerated. The second portion was subjected to Kumari Swarasa Bhavana and incinerated. The second part of Shodhita Mukata Shukti was incinerated in Kumari Samputa and subjected to Kumari Swarasa Bhavana and incinerated until they attain Bhasma Siddhi Lakshanas and later all the three samples were subjected to analytical studies. Results: Mukta Shukti Bhasma by Jala Bhavana method, Kumari Bhavana method, and Kumari Samputa method requires 7, 6 and 3 Gajaputas respectively with an average of 324 cow dungs in each and at 793°C temperature. Conclusion: Kumari Bhavita Marana to Mukta Shukti leads to calcite form and Jala Bhavita Marana leads to calcium oxide hydrate form. Chemically Mukta Shukti Bhasma may be in both calcite and calcium oxide hydrate form, and XRD is a method in Standardization of Mukta Shukti Bhasma.

Insight into a direct solid–solid transformation: a potential approach for the removal of residual solvents

A simple humidity process allows a direct solid–solid transformation from the solvate (methanol trihydrate of cAMPNa) to its hydrate form (pentahydrate).