Hidrolisis Protein Teripang Hitam (Holothuria edulis) Menggunakan Bromelin Kasar dari Batang Nanas (Ananas comocus L)

Black sea cucumber is one type of sea cucumber whose protein content is quite high at 74-82%, not yet widely used by the community as a source of protein. One way to use it is to process the protein into a protein hydrolyzate using the bromelain enzyme which was isolated from pineapple stems. This study aims to determine the concentration of the bromelain enzyme extract and the optimum hydrolysis time to the value of the hydrolysis degree of the hydrolyzate of black sea cucumber protein. Protein hydrolysates are produced by variations of the crude bromelain concentration of 9%, 10%, 11%, and 12% (v/v) and hydrolysis time of 120, 180, 240, and 300 minutes. The results showed that the optimum degree of hydrolysis was obtained with the use of bromelain extract with a concentration of 12% with a value of 11.43% and a hydrolysis time of 240 minutes with a value of 19.17%.

Optimum Degree of Head Elevation/Reverse Trendelenburg Position for Sinus Surgery: Systematic Review

Background This review aims to evaluate the effect of Reverse Trendelenburg Position (RTP) on bleeding and Boezaart score and to determine the optimum degree of head elevation through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methodology: We conducted a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines and a literature search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Dental and Oral Science, Google scholar and Clinicaltrials.gov and included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in English language only. We extracted all relevant data and conducted quality assessment using Cochrane risk of Bias tool (Version 2). We also performed quality assessment of the outcomes using GRADE. Meta-analysis for all the outcomes using conducted on RevMan version 5.3. Results The search identified 629 articles and three RCTs that met our inclusion criteria. Two were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 124 patients were assessed for bleeding during sinus surgery and there was a significant reduction in total blood loss in RTP (10–15°) when compared to horizontal position by 134 ml (Mean Difference (MD): −134.23; 95% confidence interval (CI): −184.13 to −67.27). RTP also had a significant reduction in bleeding per minute by 1.07 ml/min (MD: −1.07; 95%CI: (−1.69 to −0.44), while the Boezaart score was significantly lower in the RTP group (MD: −0.69; 95%CI: −0.94 to −0.43) when compared to horizontal position. Conclusion Though with limited evidence RTP for ESS reduces total blood loss, blood loss per minute and improves visualization. Further studies are needed to assess the actual impact and optimal degree of head elevation.

Corporate relations and strategic subcontracting

Technological progress, such as that associated with robotics and computer-aided manufacturing, is increasingly delivering machines that operate at lower variable costs, but often with a different optimum degree of utilization. If we restrict our analysis to companies that use two different types of machines to manufacture a product, a change in the optimal degree of utilization of machines of one type resulting from technological developments may make it necessary to adapt the entire manufacturing process in order to fully exploit the cost advantage. If the cost advantages cannot be fully achieved by reconciling internal company structures, this may be achieved by adjusting inter-company structures. Such an adjustment can take various forms, depending on whether the enterprise in question offers unneeded capacity to other enterprises or complements insufficient internal production resources with available capacity from another enterprise. The aim of the article is to analyse important trends in the context of subcontracting. In order to keep the subject of the study easily comprehensible, the important empirical methods are used, which can discover new insights in the scientific sources. The resulting generalization is intended to show when the question of possible outsourcing should be placed on the negotiating table.

Fruit firmness of raspberry parent forms and its inheritance in posterity

The possibility of increasing in raspberry fruit firmness as the limiting indicator of variety aptitude to mechanized harvesting of berries as well as long-term transportation and storage have been considered in the article. The objects of research were 23 raspberry varieties of domestic and foreign breeding, 16 selected forms, as well as their offspring from controlled crossings and populations from free pollination. The evaluation of firmness characteristics was carried out at the hybrid plot and the plot of competitive varietal trials in the period from 2016 to 2018. The berries from each variety and an elite seedling were collected in a state of full maturity in triple frequency. The number of berries in each frequency was 10 pieces. There were took 10 berries in the optimum degree of maturity of the hybrid offspring from each seedling. The effort to crush the berries was determined using torsion weights and transferred to international units –Newton; the separation force was determined with the help of a pistol-dynamometer. The weather conditions of the research period were contrasting, which allowed evaluating more objectively the collection and selection material of raspberries on the fruit firmness. The evaluation of the parent forms of raspberries by the effort of crushing the berries allowed revealing the sources of increasedthe fruit strength – varieties Glen Ample, Cascade Delight, Peresvet, Lazcka, Gusar and the selected form 2-90-2. The “crush effort” indicator of the fruits of these forms over the research period was not lower than 5.0 N and was less affected by weather conditions. The analysis of the hybrid offspring of raspberries from controlled crossings and populations from free pollination showed the polygenic character of inheritance of the trait. The promising parent forms for breeding to increase the berry firmness – varieties Glen Ample and Gusar, as well as the selected form 2-8-3 have been identified. Among the studied hybrid combinations, the families of Tarusa x 2-8-3, Gusar x Vol’nitsa, as well as the populations from free pollination of Glen Ample and Gusar varieties are of the greatest interest. In the offspring of these genotypes the transgressive seedlings with effort of crushing of fruits more than 6.0 Н have been revealed.

Enhancing strategy effectiveness

Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings Opening up the strategy process to a more diverse range of participants can help increase a firm’s competitiveness. However, it is important to enable appropriate social networks to ensure an optimum degree of openness during each of the three process phases. This should help maximize benefits and guard against the possibility of damaging consequences. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

Understanding and enhancing comprehensibility in texts for patients in an institutional health care context in Spain

This paper aims to analyse text comprehensibility in a corpus of Fact Sheets for Patients (FSPs) in Spanish as used in a real clinical and institutional setting in Spain; and to provide data and criteria that can help writers and translators to enhance text comprehensibility when dealing with FSPs. Regarding the methodology, we analysed a corpus of FSPs in Spanish in three subsequent stages: (1) readability formulae, (2) expert analysis, and (3) questionnaires and focus-groups addressing the real target readership of patients. Experts produced improved versions of two of the texts that were then compared and judged by the patients. According to the Inflesz/Word correlation we used in our analysis most texts of the corpus fall within normal difficulty values. However, the communication experts made critical comments about some of them regarding both readability and legibility and patients expressed the need for improvement of some aspects of the texts. This fact leads us to conclude that there is considerable room for improvement in FSPs in Spanish. Highly-sensitive patients and situations require the participation of real patients as readers in order to achieve the optimum degree of quality of originals and translations. Therefore, patients’ perceptions can be crucial to medical writers and translators when writing FSPs in a more comprehensible and empathetic way.