Investor behavior patterns in the financial market

The article summarizes the approaches to the formation of the model of investor behavior and identifies the cause and effect relationships between the actions of individual financial market players, highlights their sustainable priorities and irrational components of behavior, as well as market conditions and experience. It is argued that in unstable conditions the behavior and opinion of individual investors is transformed into collective behavior and market sentiment on the basis of which stable advantages of investors are formed: macroeconomic status, market maturity, political and social structure, values, quality of life, human capital. The characteristics of the investor behavior model that take into account both sustainable priorities and the irrational component are presented, and a detailed classification of investor behavior models is proposed. The Asian, Islamic, Latin American and post-Soviet models are singled out and characterized, the similarities and differences between them are highlighted. It is proposed to understand the model of investor behavior as sustainable benefits (risk, expected levels of return, liquidity, propensity to invest in certain financial instruments) and the consequent consistent actions of market players, as well as a set of factors that explain it, including expectations moment of time. It is substantiated that the behavior of investors is also explained by the irrational component (anomalies, stress response, etc.). It is proved that emerging markets are more volatile than developed ones, are in a state of instability and a significant manifestation of the irrational component, which must be taken into account when assessing their behavioral characteristics. The Asian, Islamic, Latin American and post-Soviet models are singled out and characterized, the similarities and differences between them are highlighted. It is established that the Latin American and post-Soviet models of investor behavior are similar in the following characteristics: low risk tolerance, high income orientation, prominent role of the banking system, concentration of property, behavioral anomalies, manipulation and corruption, high collectivism.

Explicit and implicit attitudes toward people with COVID-19: Need for community mental health services

During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, social stigmatization of people who have been infected with the virus has been observed. This study measured the degree of social stigma by examining implicit and explicit attitudes toward people with COVID-19. Explicit attitudes were measured through self-reporting, taking into account the three components of behavior, cognition, and emotion, and we used the Single-Category Implicit Association Test to assess implicit attitudes. The findings show that explicit attitudes toward people with COVID-19 were positive, whereas implicit attitudes trended toward being negative. The results suggest that mental health services and policies are needed to reduce social stigma and prevent the risk of mental health problems among people who have been infected with COVID-19.

Identifying and prioritizing the factors affecting the Iranian Sports Refereeing Ethics Code

El propósito de esta investigación fue compilar un código de ética del arbitraje deportivo en Irán. El método de la presente investigación fue mixto (cualitativo y cuantitativo). Se entrevistó a un total de 15 expertos en el campo de la ética del arbitraje deportivo mediante el método de muestreo de bola de nieve. Los resultados obtenidos en la entrevista dieron lugar a un cuestionario válido y fiable que se distribuyó aleatoriamente entre los árbitros y árbitros asistentes de las principales ligas iraníes de deportes de equipo (fútbol, voleibol, balonmano y baloncesto) y deportes individuales (taekwondo, kárate, lucha libre y natación), con una muestra total de 224 personas. El análisis y la codificación se realizaron utilizando los softwares Max Kyoda, SPSS y Smart PLS. Los hallazgos de la investigación mostraron que en este campo se extrajeron 8 temas y 61 subtemas, que incluyen los componentes de comportamiento, corrupción, comunicación, aspecto sociocultural, familia, respeto, legalidad y justicia, en este orden de importancia. En general, prestar atención a los aspectos de comportamiento y corrupción juega un papel importante en la mejora del estatus ético de los árbitros deportivos en Irán. The purpose of this research was to compile a sports refereeing ethics code in Iran. The method of the present research was mixed (qualitative and quantitative). A total of 15 experts in the field of refereeing ethics in sports were interviewed by the method of snowball sampling. The results obtained from the interview led to a valid and reliable questionnaire that was randomly distributed among the referees and assistant referees of the Iranian premier leagues of team sports (football, volleyball, handball and basketball) and individual sports (taekwondo, karate, wrestling and swimming), with a total sample of 224 people. Analysis and coding were performed using the softwares Max Kyoda, SPSS and Smart PLS. Research findings showed that 8 themes and 61 sub-themes were extracted in this field, which include the components of behavior, corruption, communication, sociocultural aspect, family, respect, legality and justice, in this order of importance. In general, paying attention to the behavioral and corruption aspects plays an important role in improving the ethical status of sports referees in Iran.

CULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND STAFF COMMITMENT IN ORGANIZATION

The paper aims to present the importance of managing culture and employee engagement in productivity and contribution to the organization's success. Engaged employees express themselves physically, mentally and emotionally in carrying out their roles in the organization. There has been extensive dissemination and extensive literature support for results that strongly support the idea that engaged employees have a positive impact on the organization's performance and sustainability.Organizations traditionally relying on financial measures such as profitability, revenue, and spending control are raising interest in so-called "soft" human capital measures such as employee attitudes, turnover, level of engagement or non-engagement of employees as determinants organization's efficiency and timely sustainability of competitiveness advantages.Employee engagement and its culture in the organization is defined as a positive attitude and attitude towards work and being fulfilled, characterized by a high level of energy, dedication and absorption.Definition and understanding of employee engagement often seems to overlap concepts such as job engagement, civic organizational behavior, and commitment to the organization. However, academic literature has been defined as a clear and unique construct that consists of cognitive and emotional components of behavior and that are associated with performance of an individual role.Assessing employee engagement rates determines employee productivity and is key to improving the productivity of the company. Employees are committed when organizations have a working culture and communication practices are healthy when they work in an organization where strategies are developed to express their concerns and find opportunities to grow and develop their potential. Competitors today can be measured by the performance of the service they offer but they can not repeat perfectly the energy, dedication and absorption of their employees at work.By increasing passion, dedication and alignment with the organization's strategies and goals, they will enable the achievement of new heights of excellence for their organizations. Engaged employees will demonstrate increased confidence in their organization and will be driven by a sense of loyalty in a competitive environment. The positive environment through engaging and energizing employees in the organization will affect business growth and provide a competitive edge.