Market Structure of Scooter Segment of Two Wheeler Industry in India

Transportation system of a country has a noteworthy role to play in the development of an economy and its sectors. Automobile sector occupies a prominent place in the fabric of Indian economy. Presently, India has already touched the threshold of a major take off in the next decade and beyond to becoming one of the largest automotive (vehicle and component makers) manufacturers in the world. The objective of study was to measure the market structure of scooter segment of two wheeler industry in India for eight financial years, i.e. from the year 2011-12 to the year 2018-19. Descriptive analysis was conducted to present a profile of the industry which included analysis of average, standard deviation, compound annual growth rate, frequency, percentage of data value for each of the variables. The results of the study revealed that overall, there is existence of oligopoly form of market structure in the scooter segment of two wheeler industry in India.

A Two-Level Desired Load Profile Tracking Algorithm for Electric Two-Wheeler Charging Stations

In Vietnam and in other developing countries, two-wheeled electric vehicles are potential alternatives to gasoline-powered motorbikes. The growth in the number of Electric Two-Wheelers (E2Ws) requires a large power demand of charging load. In addition, the increasing spread in the appearance and penetration of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) power systems, with their intermittence and uncertain nature, poses technical challenges that need to be addressed. The coordination of PV rooftop operation and EV charging may be an effective solution to meet the emerging load demand from EVs, increasing solar power penetration while minimizing the cost of grid reinforcement or possible upgrades. In this paper, a two-level desired load profile tracking algorithm for PV integrated electric bicycles/electric motorcycle charging stations is proposed with the purposes of load leveling, valley filling, and peak shaving. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is an effective solution, significantly improving the load profile, especially when compared with uncontrolled charging and constant charging power scheme.

Acceleration and Deceleration Rates of Various Vehicle Categories at Signalized Intersections in Mixed Traffic Conditions

The acceleration and deceleration rates vary from one vehicle type to another. The same vehicle type also exhibits variations in acceleration and deceleration rates due to vast variation in their dynamic and physical characteristics, ratio between weight and power, driver behaviour during acceleration and deceleration manoeuvres. Accurate estimation of acceleration and deceleration rates is very important for proper signal design to ensure minimum control delay for vehicles, which are passing through the intersection. The present study measures acceleration and deceleration rates for four vehicle categories: Two-wheeler, Three-wheeler, Car, and Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV), by using Open Street Map (OSM) tracker mobile application. The acceleration and deceleration rates were measured at 24 signalized intersection approaches in Hyderabad and Warangal cities. The study also developed acceleration and deceleration models for each vehicle type and the developed models were validated based on field data. The results showed that the predicted acceleration and deceleration models showed close relation with those measured in the field. The developed models are useful in predicting average acceleration and deceleration rate for different vehicle types under mixed and poor lane disciplined traffic conditions.

Electric Two-Wheeler Vehicle Integration into Rural Off-Grid Photovoltaic System in Kenya

In both rural and urban areas, two-wheeler vehicles are the most common means of transportation, contributing to local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Transitioning to electric two-wheeler vehicles can help reduce GHG emissions while also increasing the socioeconomic status of people in rural Kenya. Renewable energy systems can play a significant role in charging electric two-wheeled vehicles, resulting in lower carbon emissions and increased renewable energy penetration in rural Kenya. As a result, using the Conventional and Renewable Energy Optimization (CARNOT) Toolbox in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, this paper focuses on integrating and modeling electric two-wheeled vehicles (e-bikes) into an off-grid photovoltaic Water-Energy Hub located in the Lake Victoria Region of Western Kenya. Electricity demand data obtained from the Water-Energy Hub was investigated and analyzed. Potential solar energy surplus was identified and the surplus was used to incorporate the electric two-wheeler vehicles. The energy consumption of the electric two-wheeler vehicles was also measured in the field based on the rider’s driving behavior. The modeling results revealed an annual power consumption of 27,267 kWh, a photovoltaic (PV) electricity production of 37,785 kWh, and an electricity deficit of 370 kWh. The annual results show that PV generation exceeds power consumption, implying that there should be no electricity deficit. The results, however, do not represent the results in hourly resolution, ignoring the impact of weather fluctuation on PV production. As a result, in order to comprehend the electricity deficit, hourly resolution results are shown. A load optimization method was designed to efficiently integrate the electric 2-wheeler vehicle into the Water-Energy Hub in order to alleviate the electricity deficit. The yearly electricity deficit was decreased to 1 kWh and the annual electricity consumption was raised by 11% (i.e., 30,767 kWh), which is enough to charge four more electric two-wheeler batteries daily using the load optimization technique.

Estimation of vehicular emissions and PM2.5 – A case study in Madurai city

Air quality monitoring, as important as it is, is impeded by a shortage of monitoring stations in nations like India. This research takes a different approach of monitoring and estimating automobile emissions. This is a case study that is only have been used in Madurai at this juncture. The use of a portable electro-chemical sensor at pre-determined stationary and mobile points and routes has been employed. Then after, the measurements were compared to the estimated emission values. The observations and experimental studies demonstrated that highspeed vehicle movement reduces particulate matter concentrations, and that reducing congestion could be one way to address the rising emissions crisis. One reason for the preference for airconditioned cars and fast-moving vehicles, even if it is a two-wheeler, is the average temperature. Ironically, this has resulted in an increase in vehicle emissions. Vehicle emissions were estimated, and 2.5-micron particulate matter was observed and discussed. The recommended strategy was discovered to be in agreement with the computed estimates. The proposed methodology for developing a database with minimal personnel and instrumental setup can reliably compensate the lack of data availability given the lack of monitoring stations.