Cardiovascular Effect of Dorsal Periaqueductal Gray During LPS- Induced Hypotension

Introduction: The central mechanism responsible for cardiovascular response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - induced hypotension is not completely determined and it is suggested numerous brain areas such as dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) are involved. In this study the cardiovascular effect of the dPAG during LPS-induced hypotension was evaluated. Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats divided into four groups including 1) Control (Saline microinjected into dPAG), 2) Lidocaine 2%, 3) LPS (intravenously injected), and 4) Lidocaine + LPS were used. Catheterization of the femoral artery and vein was performed for the recording of blood pressure and LPS injection, respectively. Saline and lidocaine were microinjected into the dPAG nucleus then, LPS injection was done. Cardiovascular responses throughout of experiments were recorded and changes (∆) of systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were calculated over time and was compared with those control and LPS groups, using repeated measures ANOVA. Results: LPS significantly reduced ∆SBP and ∆MAP (P<0.05) and did not change the ∆HR than the control group. Lidocaine did not significantly affect basic ∆SBP, ∆MAP and ∆HR compared to the control. Injection of lidocaine before LPS significantly attenuated reduction of ∆SBP and ∆MAP evoked by LPS (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our data showed that blockade of the dPAG by lidocaine significantly ameliorates the hypotension induced by LPS. It confirms involvement of the dPAG in cardiovascular regulation during LPS-induced hypotension.

The analysis of the permeability process of calcium antagonists in developing transdermal forms with a cardiovascular effect

Aim. The aim of the work was to evaluate the possibility of using calcium antagonists, namely, nifedipine and amlodipine besylate, while conducting transdermal delivery, that included the analysis of in vitro permeability process as a primary preformulation stage of pharmaceutical development of a transdermal dosage form, determination of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a permeability process and the expediency analysis of development of a therapeutic transdermal system (TTS) with a cardiovascular effect. Materials and methods. The active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) of nifedipine and amlodipine besylate. The study has been carried out in vitro by a dialysis method using a modified diffusion device of the Valia-Chien design. Results. Character analysis, description of the mathematical model and definition of the kinetic parameters in the process of permeability of the studied medicinal products (MP) of nifedipine and amlodipine besylate allowed to evaluate their potential for creating TTS as being positive and appropriate. The implemented methodological approaches allow to substantiate the further algorithm for the development of cardiovascular TTS with the mentioned API.

Gastrointestinal Mechanisms Underlying the Cardiovascular Effect of Metformin

Metformin, the most widely prescribed drug therapy for type 2 diabetes, has pleiotropic benefits, in addition to its capacity to lower elevated blood glucose levels, including mitigation of cardiovascular risk. The mechanisms underlying the latter remain unclear. Mechanistic studies have, hitherto, focused on the direct effects of metformin on the heart and vasculature. It is now appreciated that effects in the gastrointestinal tract are important to glucose-lowering by metformin. Gastrointestinal actions of metformin also have major implications for cardiovascular function. This review summarizes the gastrointestinal mechanisms underlying the action of metformin and their potential relevance to cardiovascular benefits.

Medicines Used in Emergency

The aims of the study is to find the emergency medicines. The result Ine Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic, adrenergic group. Epinephrine effects can be seen in: Cardiovascular secondary hypotension, reversal epinephrine), gastrointestinal, uterine, bladder, respiratory, CNS, eye and metabolic processes. Clinical use can be seen in: Cardiovascular hypotension secondary, reversal epinephrine), gastrointestinal tract, uterus, bladder, breathing, CNS, eyes and metabolic processes. Stimulate the heart in patients with cardiac arrest and stop capillary bleeding. Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic, adrenergic class of drugs. The pharmacodynamics effect of ephedrine resembles the effect of epinephrine, the difference is that ephedrine is not a catecholamine, it is effective in oral administration, the duration of action is much longer, the central effect is stronger, but a much larger dose of epinephrine is needed, the difference being that ephedrine is not a catecholamine, it is effective in oral administration, its duration is much longer, the central effect is stronger, but a much greater dose is needed than the epinephrine dose. Like epinephrine, ephedrine acts on α, β1 and β2 receptors. The ephedrine cardiovascular effect resembles the effect of epi but lasts about 10 times longer.