Modelling eruptive event sources in distributed volcanic fields

Vent opening hazard models are routinely used as inputs for assessing distal volcanic hazards (lava flows, tephra fallout) in distributed volcanic fields. These vent opening hazard models have traditionally relied on the location of mapped vents; seldom have they taken into account how vents are linked in space and time. We show that inputs needed to appropriately model distal hazards are fundamentally different than thoses required to model near-vent hazards (ground deformation). We provide a computational model to obtain more appropriate eruptive source parameters (ESPs) for distal volcanic hazard sources and show the utility of our code through three examples. The code's strength is that it links events based on the spatio-temporal relationships of vents through heirarchical clustering. The development of the code and its strenghts and weaknesses are discussed. This work challenges previous ideas about ESPs and we hope this work leads to further improvement in hazard assessment methods.

Research on the index system of chemical enterprise safety risk state based on analytic hierarchy

Based on the 19 selected representative chemical enterprises in jiangsu province, we investigate the safety risk situation of chemical enterprises from the aspects of personnel technical level, equipment failure, major hazard sources, production process, environment, accident, certification, safety assessment and emergency response capacity. We found the following problems: the most part of staffs education is below undergraduate course; have major hidden dangers at district/county level and above; the vast majority of enterprises of dangerous chemicals maximum action/reaction temperature over dangerous chemicals flash point, etc. The index system of chemical enterprise safety risk state is constructed from six aspects: personnel, equipment, material, method, environment and safety management. The key index system of security risk state warning is put forward from the aspects of personnel, equipment, method, environment and safety management. We use the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to determine the chemical enterprise safety risk status indicators weight, and finally determine the state of the chemical enterprise safety risk classification standard.

Living in a Multi-Risk Chaotic Condition: Pandemic, Natural Hazards and Complex Emergencies

Humans are living in an uncertain world, with daily risks confronting them from various low to high hazard events, and the COVID-19 pandemic has created its own set of unique risks. Not only has it caused a significant number of fatalities, but in combination with other hazard sources, it may pose a considerably higher multi-risk. In this paper, three hazardous events are studied through the lens of a concurring pandemic. Several low-probability high-risk scenarios are developed by the combination of a pandemic situation with a natural hazard (e.g., earthquakes or floods) or a complex emergency situation (e.g., mass protests or military movements). The hybrid impacts of these multi-hazard situations are then qualitatively studied on the healthcare systems, and their functionality loss. The paper also discusses the impact of pandemic’s (long-term) temporal effects on the type and recovery duration from these adverse events. Finally, the concept of escape from a hazard, evacuation, sheltering and their potential conflict during a pandemic and a natural hazard is briefly reviewed. The findings show the cascading effects of these multi-hazard scenarios, which are unseen nearly in all risk legislation. This paper is an attempt to urge funding agencies to provide additional grants for multi-hazard risk research.

Strengthening Multistakeholder Integrated through Shared Responsibility in the face of Cyber Attacks Threat

The development of the Internet can increase the threat to the country's roughness in cyberspace. Cybersecurity is required as protection of virtual worlds from hazard sources. Cyber defense is also required as a form of an effort to maintain cybersecurity or cyberspace. The development of Internet technology is a new challenge for defense and security strategy that must be owned by the country. Based on these facts and issues, Indonesia needs an integrated and synergistic cyber-resistance system to realize national resilience and security in the face of cyber attack threats. This research uses the normative juridical method. This research is expected to improve the cyber resistance system in Indonesia.