Metrological Assurance of Gas Calorimeter and Wobbe Index Analyser

The paper describes research on metrological assurance of such measuring instruments as gas calorimeters and Wobbe index analysers. The purpose of the performed research is development of reference materials for gases with certified value of net volume-basis calorific value traceable to Russian state primary standard. Input set of candidate gases is hydrogen, methane, ethane and propane, as well as the target uncertainty of lower volumetric combustion energy value equal to 0,3 % – both were selected basing on results of metrological characteristics analysis of calorimetric equipment. The certified value of lower volumetric combustion energy is traceable to the State Primary Standard of combustion energy, specific combustion energy and volumetric combustion energy units GET 16. The certified value of selected gases and the uncertainty of this value were estimated with usage of comparing calorimeters for the combustion of high- and low-calorie gases «USVG» and «USNG» included in GET 16. Results obtained during investigational study and reference materials characterisation confirmed the stated accuracy. The continuance in prospect may allow development of reference materials for gas imitating mixtures of natural and casing-head gases as well as include Wobbe index in the list of certified characteristics.

EFEK MEDAN ELEKTROMAGNET PADA MESIN BENSIN TERHADAP EMISI GAS BUANG DAN ENERGI PEMBAKARAN

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of electromagnetic fields on combustion quality, especially on gasoline engines. One of the indicators of good combustion quality was environmentally friendly exhaust emissions and relatively large combustion energy. This research uses an experimental method, with the independent variables magnetic field strength and fuel. The field strength used in this study consisted of 4 variations, namely 647 Gauss, 847 Gauss, 1068 Gauss and 1419 gauss, while the fuel used was E0 (premium 100% bioethanol 0%), E10 (premium 90% bioethanol 10%), E20 (premium 80% bioethanol 20%), and E30. (premium 70% bioethanol 30%). The parameters of the electromagnetic field strength and various types of fuel composition were used to test exhaust gas emissions and combustion energy (as the dependent variable) on the 125cc MIO gasoline motorbike in 2018.The result was that the levels of CO2 exhaust emissions increased by 35% and CO levels decreased by 71%, combustion energy increases in the range of 13-21%. The greater the electromagnetic field provided, the more environmentally friendly the exhaust emissions are and the greater the combustion energy.

COMBUSTION ENERGY AND FOSSIL (NON-BIOBASED) CO2 EMISSIONS FROM RUBBER COMPOUNDS UNDER COMPLETE COMBUSTION BY BOMB CALORIMETER BASED ON ISO 20463 METHODS

ABSTRACT Combustion energy (gross calorific value) and total CO2 emissions from 11 model rubber compounds, polyurethane, and other materials related to rubber products during a one-time complete combustion were measured sequentially using methods in accordance with ISO 20463 using a bomb calorimeter. Eleven model rubber compounds and biobased polyurethane were prepared for these measurements. The combustion energies of the model rubber compounds were found to be 27 900 to 40 700 J/g. These measured combustion energies, after subtraction of the combustion energy of carbon black (CBK), were related linearly to the carbon content of these samples without CBK. A difference in the combustion energy of rubber products and that of CBK was observed. From these results, an estimation via the calculation of the combustion energy of the rubber products was developed from the formulation of the rubber product. Total CO2 emissions could be calculated by the results of total volume and the CO2 concentration of combustion gas collected from a bomb used for the measurement of combustion energies. The total CO2 emissions of these samples were 1.83 to 3.02 g/g. The relationship between total CO2 emission from model rubber compounds and the theoretical CO2 emission calculated from the carbon content of these samples was linear. It was found that these methods had high precision. High reproducibility of the methods for such measurement was confirmed by the use of a round-robin test, which was carried out by six Japanese chemical laboratories.