COMBUSTION ENERGY AND FOSSIL (NON-BIOBASED) CO2 EMISSIONS FROM RUBBER COMPOUNDS UNDER COMPLETE COMBUSTION BY BOMB CALORIMETER BASED ON ISO 20463 METHODS

2020 ◽  
pp. 000-000
Author(s):  
Masao Kunioka ◽  
Akira Saito ◽  
Mari Nakajima ◽  
Shunji Araki
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Combustion Gas ◽  
Combustion Energy ◽  
Bomb Calorimeter ◽  
Rubber Compounds

ABSTRACT Combustion energy (gross calorific value) and total CO2 emissions from 11 model rubber compounds, polyurethane, and other materials related to rubber products during a one-time complete combustion were measured sequentially using methods in accordance with ISO 20463 using a bomb calorimeter. Eleven model rubber compounds and biobased polyurethane were prepared for these measurements. The combustion energies of the model rubber compounds were found to be 27 900 to 40 700 J/g. These measured combustion energies, after subtraction of the combustion energy of carbon black (CBK), were related linearly to the carbon content of these samples without CBK. A difference in the combustion energy of rubber products and that of CBK was observed. From these results, an estimation via the calculation of the combustion energy of the rubber products was developed from the formulation of the rubber product. Total CO2 emissions could be calculated by the results of total volume and the CO2 concentration of combustion gas collected from a bomb used for the measurement of combustion energies. The total CO2 emissions of these samples were 1.83 to 3.02 g/g. The relationship between total CO2 emission from model rubber compounds and the theoretical CO2 emission calculated from the carbon content of these samples was linear. It was found that these methods had high precision. High reproducibility of the methods for such measurement was confirmed by the use of a round-robin test, which was carried out by six Japanese chemical laboratories.

scholarly journals Conventional and Alternative Sources of Thermal Energy in the Production of Cement—An Impact on CO2 Emission

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1539
Author(s):  
Karolina Wojtacha-Rychter ◽  
Piotr Kucharski ◽  
Adam Smolinski
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Clinker Production

The article evaluates the reduction of carbon dioxide emission due to the partial substitution of coal with alternative fuels in clinker manufacture. For this purpose, the calculations were performed for seventy waste-derived samples of alternative fuels with variable calorific value and variable share in the fuel mixture. Based on annual clinker production data of the Polish Cement Association and the laboratory analysis of fuels, it was estimated that the direct net CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion alone were 543 Mg of CO2 per hour. By contrast with the full substitution of coal with alternative fuels (including 30% of biomass), the emission ranged from 302 up to 438 Mg of CO2 per hour, depending on fuel properties. A reduction of 70% in the share of fossil fuels resulted in about a 23% decrease in net emissions. It was proved that the increased use of alternative fuels as an additive to the fuel mix is also of economic importance. It was determined that thanks to the combustion of 70% of alternative fuels of calorific value from 15 to 26 MJ/kg, the hourly financial profit gain due to avoided CO2 emission and saved 136 megatons of coal totaled an average of 9718 euros. The results confirmed that the co-incineration of waste in cement kilns can be an effective, long-term way to mitigate carbon emissions and to lower clinker production costs. This paper may constitute a starting point for future research activities and specific case studies in terms of reducing CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES FROM UKRAINIAN THERMAL POWER PLANTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.A. Volchyn ◽  
L.S. Haponych
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Unburned Carbon ◽  
Thermal Power Plants ◽  
Organic Fuels ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

In 2014, Ukraine signed and ratified the Agreement on associated with the EU. One of the requirements advanced in this Agreement lies in establishing the procedures of monitoring, reporting, and verification of the emissions of greenhouse gases (GG) from power plants. This system is based on the assemblage of procedures for estimating the GG emissions. Greenhouse gases formed at the combustion of organic fuels are CO2, CH4, and N2O. Carbon dioxide is the main GG emitted by power plants. In carrying out this work, we developed a method for the calculation of CO2 emission, formed during coal firing at thermal power plants (TPP), based on the carbon content factors with regard for the low calorific value of coal and heat loss due to unburned carbon. Using this method, we obtained the values of specific carbon content factors, CO2 emission factors and gross CO2 emissions from Ukrainian TPP during the last years. We also calculated the gross GG emissions. In 2018, the GG emissions at Ukrainian TPP were equal to 45.5 mln t of CO2-equivalent.The values of specific GG emissions per unit of supplied electric power constituted 1126 g/kW-h. This parameter reached 1186 g/kW-h for coal of grade A and L, and 1112 g/kW-h for grades G and DG. Ref. 16, Tab. 8.

Reliability-Based Assessment of the Effect of Climatic Conditions and CO2 Emissions on the Corrosion of RC Structures Subjected to Carbonation

2012 ◽  
Vol 503-504 ◽  
pp. 780-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Li Liu ◽  
Zhi Fang
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Emission Scenarios ◽  
Carbonation Depth ◽  
Rc Structures ◽  
Corrosion Initiation

carbonation rate of concrete structures are influenced by CO2 emissions and climate conditions. Carbonation depth prediction model was proposed and CO2 emission scenarios influence on concrete structures' carbonation damage was studied. As there are significant uncertainty and variability of CO2 emissions, deterioration mechanisms, material properties, dimensions and environments, the time-dependent structural reliability analysis was employed to predict the probability of corrosion initiation from 2000 to 2100, considering several IPCC future atmospheric CO2 emission scenarios. Results show:(1)carbonation depth in A1F1 and A1B scenarios is 36% higher than that invariant CO2 concentration, and A1B scenarios is 21%; (2)The corrosion initiation probability of RC structures in A1F1 and A1B scenarios are 84% and 67% higher than that invariant CO2 concentration , respectively.

scholarly journals Fossil Carbon Fraction and Measuring Cycle for Sewage Sludge Waste Incineration

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2790
Author(s):  
Seongmin Kang ◽  
Changsang Cho ◽  
Ki-Hyun Kim ◽  
Eui-chan Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Fossil Carbon ◽  
Sludge Incineration ◽  
Yearly Period

In this study, the fossil carbon contents of the two facilities were analyzed using 10 or more samples for each facility from June 2013 to March 2015. In addition, the optimal measurement period was calculated from the analyzed fossil carbon contents using a statistical method. As a result of the analysis, the fossil carbon contents were found to be less than 35%, indicating that the biomass content of sewage sludge was not 100%. The fossil carbon content could be representative of using yearly period measurements value. When calculating Green house gas (GHG) emissions from waste incineration, South Korea has been calculating only Non-CO2 emissions because it regarded the CO2 emitted in GHGs from sewage sludge (SS) incineration facilities as originating from biomass. However, biomass of the sewage sludge incineration facility is not 100%, so it is necessary to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions considering the fossil carbon content. Therefore, there is a need to increase the reliability of the greenhouse gas inventory by conducting further studies (such as CO2 concentration analysis) related to the calculation of CO2 emissions for the relevant facilities (sewage sludge incinerator).

Evaluasi Prediksi Higher Heating Value (HHV) Biomassa Berdasarkan Analisis Proksimat

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Made Dirgantara ◽  
Karelius Karelius ◽  
Marselin Devi Ariyanti, Sry Ayu K. Tamba
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Bomb Calorimeter ◽  
Hhv Prediction

Abstrak – Biomassa merupakan salah satu energi terbarukan yang sangat mudah ditemui, ramah lingkungan dan cukup ekonomis. Keberadaan biomassa dapat dimaanfaatkan sebagai pengganti bahan bakar fosil, baik itu minyak bumi, gas alam maupun batu bara. Analisi diperlukan sebagai dasar biomassa sebagai energi seperti proksimat dan kalor. Analisis terpenting untuk menilai biomassa sebagai bahan bakar adalah nilai kalori atau higher heating value (HHV). HHV secara eksperimen diukur menggunakan bomb calorimeter, namun pengukuran ini kurang efektif, karena memerlukan waktu serta biaya yang tinggi. Penelitian mengenai prediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat telah dilakukan sehingga dapat mempermudah dan menghemat biaya yang diperlukan peneliti. Dalam makalah ini dibahas evaluasi persamaan untuk memprediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat pada biomassa berdasarkan data dari penelitian sebelumnya. Prediksi nilai HHV menggunakan lima persamaan yang dievaluasi dengan 25 data proksimat biomassa dari penelitian sebelumnya, kemudian dibandingkan berdasarkan nilai error untuk mendapatkan prediksi terbaik. Hasil analisis menunjukan, persamaan A terbaik di 7 biomassa, B di 6 biomassa, C di 6 biomassa, D di 5 biomassa dan E di 1 biomassa.Kata kunci: bahan bakar, biomassa, higher heating value, nilai error, proksimat  Abstract – Biomass is a renewable energy that is very easy to find, environmentally friendly, and quite economical. The existence of biomass can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels, both oil, natural gas, and coal. Analyzes are needed as a basis for biomass as energy such as proximate and heat. The most critical analysis to assess biomass as fuel is the calorific value or higher heating value (HHV). HHV is experimentally measured using a bomb calorimeter, but this measurement is less effective because it requires time and high costs. Research on the prediction of HHV based on proximate analysis has been carried out so that it can simplify and save costs needed by researchers. In this paper, the evaluation of equations is discussed to predict HHV based on proximate analysis on biomass-based on data from previous studies. HHV prediction values using five equations were evaluated with 25 proximate biomass data from previous studies, then compared based on error value to get the best predictions. The analysis shows that Equation A predicts best in 7 biomass, B in 6 biomass, C in 6 biomass, D in 5 biomass, and E in 1 biomass. Key words: fuel, biomass, higher heating value, error value, proximate 

scholarly journals Quality assessment of gas produced from different types of biomass pellets in gasification process

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 406-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Mikeska ◽  
Jan Najser ◽  
Václav Peer ◽  
Jaroslav Frantík ◽  
Jan Kielar
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Gas ◽  
Gas Cleaning ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cleaning Technology

Gas from the gasification of pellets made from renewable sources of energy or from lower-quality fuels often contains a number of pollutants. This may cause technical difficulties during the gas use in internal combustion gas engines used for energy and heat cogeneration. Therefore, an adequate system of gas cleaning must be selected. In line with such requirements, this paper focuses on the characterization and comparison of gases produced from different types of biomass during gasification. The biomass tested was wood, straw, and hay pellets. The paper gives a detailed description and evaluation of the measurements from a fix-bed gasifier for the properties of the produced gases, raw fuels, tar composition, and its particle content before and after the cleaning process. The results of elemental composition, net calorific value, moisture, and ash content show that the cleaned gases are suitable for internal combustion engine-based cogeneration systems, but unsuitable for gas turbines, where a different cleaning technology would be needed.

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