Eutectic salt mixture-assisted sodium-vapor-induced synthesis of Pt−Ca nanoparticles, their microstructural and electrocatalytic properties

We have fabricated Pt−Ca nanoparticles with oxygen reduction reaction catalytic activity via a sodium vapor-induced synthesis method. Prior addition of NaCl to form a eutectic mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl...

Modelling Microlayer Formation in Boiling Sodium

During boiling at a solid surface, it is often the case that a liquid layer of a few microns of thickness (’microlayer’) is formed beneath a bubble growing on the heated surface. Microlayers have been observed forming beneath bubbles in various transparent fluids, such as water and refrigerants, subsequently depleting due to evaporation, thus contributing significantly to bubble growth and possibly generating the majority of vapor in a bubble. On the other hand, boiling of opaque fluids, such as liquid metals, is not amenable to optical observations, and microlayers have not yet been observed in liquid metals. Among that class of fluids is sodium, suitable as a coolant for nuclear reactors and as the working fluid in phase-change solar power receivers. In order to support these applications, it is necessary to understand the boiling behavior of sodium and identify the parameters that might influence microlayer formation during boiling of this important fluid. This paper presents simulations of the hydrodynamics of sodium vapor bubble growth at a surface. An interface capturing flow solver has been implemented in the OpenFOAM code and used to predict the behavior of a sodium vapor bubble near a solid surface in typical boiling conditions. The methodology has been validated using recently reported direct experimental observations of microlayer formation in water and then applied to sodium boiling cases. Simulations indicate that microlayers are formed in sodium in a similar fashion to water. Comparison of simulation results with an extant algebraic model of microlayer formation showed good agreement, which increases confidence in the current predictions of microlayer formation. Typical values of microlayer thickness thus computed indicate that the microlayer is likely to play an important role during bubble growth in sodium.

Dynamic Dimming of Highway Lights Using Internet of Things (IoT)

Conventional highway lights use power consuming sodium vapor lamps. Replacing Sodium vapor lamps with LEDs reduce power consumption by up to 50%. Dimming the lights when not required can further reduce power consumption. The proposed system aims at reducing power consumption by analyzing the presence of vehicles using an ultrasonic sensor and dynamically adjusting the intensity of the highway lights through Pulse Width Modulation. The proposed module aims at reducing energy consumption without compromising on the safety of the public. It operates on a renewable energy source making it even more energy efficient.

IoT Based Smart Lighting – Intelligent and Weather Adaptive Lighting in Street Lights for Efficient Use of Power

This paper proposes tremendousness productive of canny street lighting structure using irrelevant exertion micro controller based Arduino. The central objective is to structure imperativeness capable sharp streetlight for significance confirmation in existing streetlights of fundamental zone, urban zone and just for clever urban zones. The structure contains LED luminaire, LED driver, PV board, charge controller light sensor, headway sensor, Arduino. The gifted streetlight is controlled subject to traffic on road and day/evening time. The structure is adjusted to ordinarily butcher in the midst of the essential stores of light and fundamentally work in the midst of the night and overpowering down-pouring or stunning air. All around we see that street lights are remain traded ON in the midst of day time, this is total of misuses of power while India is confronting nonattendance of intensity. Another issue is the standard street light for instance Sodium vapor, Metal halide, Incandescent, Fluorescent lights uses more power when risen up out of new pushed Led Lights. Streetlights can be worked free of cost by using changed controlled, self-animated, productive sun filled LED street light. The IOT gives the solid seeing of the street lights and the hugeness use. If the battery is totally charged the imperativeness passed on from the sun fueled is passed to the standard cross portion.

IoT Based Smart Lighting – Intelligent and Weather Adaptive Lighting in Street Lights for Efficient Use of Power

This paper proposes tremendousness productive of canny street lighting structure using irrelevant exertion micro controller based Arduino. The central objective is to structure imperativeness capable sharp streetlight for significance confirmation in existing streetlights of fundamental zone, urban zone and just for clever urban zones. The structure contains LED luminaire, LED driver, PV board, charge controller light sensor, headway sensor, Arduino. The gifted streetlight is controlled subject to traffic on road and day/evening time. The structure is adjusted to ordinarily butcher in the midst of the essential stores of light and fundamentally work in the midst of the night and overpowering down-pouring or stunning air. All around we see that street lights are remain traded ON in the midst of day time, this is total of misuses of power while India is confronting nonattendance of intensity. Another issue is the standard street light for instance Sodium vapor, Metal halide, Incandescent, Fluorescent lights uses more power when risen up out of new pushed Led Lights. Streetlights can be worked free of cost by using changed controlled, self-animated, productive sun filled LED street light. The IOT gives the solid seeing of the street lights and the hugeness use. If the battery is totally charged the imperativeness passed on from the sun fueled is passed to the standard cross portion.

Chemical Durability of Thermal Insulating Materials in Hall-Héroult Electrolysis Cells

The most common thermal insulating materials used in the cathode lining in aluminum electrolysis cells are Moler (diatomaceous earth), calcium silicate, or vermiculite based materials. The thermal insulation layer is critical for the overall thermal stability of the cell and is vulnerable to volatile species, such as sodium vapor, that may penetrate through the carbon cathode and refractory layer. Here, we present an investigation of the chemical degradation of typical thermal insulating materials by exposure to sodium vapor in a laboratory test. Changes in microstructure and chemical and mineralogical composition of the exposed materials were characterized by electronic microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. The materials possess different reaction patterns, ranging from deformation by creep to formation of a glassy layer reducing further sodium penetration. The results from the laboratory test were compared with chemical reactions with sodium predicted by computational thermodynamics and discussed with respect to relevant ternary phase diagrams.