Synanthropic spiders’ diversity (Arachnida, Araneae) in the urban zone of Morelia citiy, Michoacan, Mexico. How much does the time of construction of the houses influence?

Spiders have been used to evaluate changes in systems by anthropization effect, some species showing sensitivity to gradual and drastic changes such as urbanization, and other species have been documented as tolerant to this effect. The goal of this work was to describe the change in the spider community in relation to the age of buildings. at the west of Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico. Three categories of construction time and the neighboring vegetation as the pre-urbanization environment were used for comparison. Using direct capture, pit-fall traps and beating nets, 3,619 spiders were collected, and 3,219 (315 males, 630 females and 2,274 immatures) were used for the analysis after removal juveniles that was not possible to identify. A total of 28 families, 93 genera, 47 species and 55 morphospecies were identified. This represents the greatest richness and abundance recorded in urban environments of the country. It describes changes in alpha diversity from colonization in recent constructions to those built 17 years ago. I t was observed that abundance, richness, and diversity decrease with the age of a building, but with high equitability in every age of construction. The age of a building is an important factor for the process of succession in urban environments.

Determinants of Municipal Solid Waste in Urban Zone of Baglung Municipality, Nepal

The studies on the solid waste generation and characterization with their relationships with different determinants are limited in Nepal which helps in the implementation of the solid waste management approach. This study is focused on the quantification of the municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rate and its characterization in the Baglung Municipality, Nepal. Factors affecting MSW generation with perceptions towards the MSW management were also evaluated through household survey. The study was carried out in the month of January 2021 in four wards of urban zone in the municipality. The average waste generation rate in 188 households (HHs), 20 institutions, and 20 commercial sites were 0.43 kg/c/d, 0.83 kg/institute/day and 2.75 kg/commercial site/day, respectively. The largest component, which accounted for about 74% household waste, 75% institutional waste and 52% commercial waste composed of organic waste. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates a significant variation in between MSW generation rate with respect to household size and type of days. Regarding affordability of MSW management, most of the households can be able to afford service fee ranged from US$ 0.5 to 1.0 (55.38%). Most of the households dispose of solid waste in the municipal vehicle. From this study, the residents of the municipality are suggested to prepare compost manure at the source for the minimization of waste volume to be transported and disposed of. Higher production of recyclable MSW depicts there is a possibility of revenue generation and importance of MSW management in community mobilization in the municipality.

Phenotypical characterization of Kababich breed in peri-urban zone of N’Djamena-Chad

This work was carried out on the phenotypic characteristics of the Kababich sheep exploited in the peri-urban zone of N'Djamena (Chad). This phenotypic characterization of Kababich sheep should be continued on local breeds for genetic improvement and objective optimization of productivity. The objective of this study is the characterization of phenotypically Kababich sheep exploited in the peri-urban area of ​​N'Djamena-Chad. It was conducted in 39 farms and involved 1035 sheep aged less than one year old. Phenotypic traits were measured according to the guideline defined by FAO. A total of 12 variables were measured including five qualitative and seven quantitative. The results obtained show a positively significant correlation (p> 0.001) between the age of the sheep estimated by the breeder and the dentition (0.83). The ears are drooping and measure 17.90 ± 2.77 cm. The color of the brown dress (fawn) and the smooth and short coat are dominant. The females are matte and the rams of brown dress have horns in the forms of the vestiges. The Kababich is large with a height at the withers of 81.50 ± 9.40 cm, a rump height of 83.24 ± 9.42 cm and a chest circumference of 88.29 ± 9.22 cm. The body is 72.82 ± 9.63 cm long, has a basin width of 19.89 ± 2.53 cm and a chest depth of 40.68 ± 5.16 cm. These measurements show that Kababich is a meat breed by excellence. In addition, the sexual dimorphism very accentuated in this race orients towards a valorization of the young males in the fattening workshops.

Optimized Sensors Network and Dynamical Maps for Monitoring Traffic Noise in a Large Urban Zone

We review a Dynamap European Life project whose main scope was the design, commissioning, and actual implementation of “real-time” acoustic maps in a district of the city of Milan (District 9, or Z9, composed of about 2000 road stretches), by employing a small number of noise monitoring stations within the urban zone. Dynamap is based on the idea of finding suitable sets of roads displaying similar daily traffic noise behavior, so that one can group them together into single dynamical noise maps. The Dynamap sensor network has been built upon twenty-four monitoring stations, which have been permanently installed in appropriate locations within the pilot zone Z9, by associating four sensors to each one of the six group of roads considered. In order to decide which road stretches belong to a group, a non-acoustic parameter is used, which is obtained from a traffic flow model of the city, developed and tested over the years by the “Enviroment, Mobility and Territory Agency” of Milan (EMTA). The fundamental predictive equation of Dynamap, for the local equivalent noise level at a given site, can be built by using real-time data provided by the monitoring sensors. In addition, the corresponding contributions of six static traffic noise maps, associated with the six group of roads, are required. The static noise maps can be calculated from the Cadna noise model, based on EMTA road traffic data referred to the ‘rush-hour’ (8:00–9:00 a.m.), when the road traffic flow is maximum and the model most accurate. A further analysis of road traffic noise measurements, performed over the whole city of Milan, has provided a more accurate description of road traffic noise behavior by using a clustering approach. It is found that essentially just two mean cluster hourly noise profiles are sufficient to represent the noise profile at any site location within the zone. In order words, one can use the 24 monitoring stations data to estimate the local noise variations at a single site in real time. The different steps in the construction of the network are described in detail, and several validation tests are presented in support of the Dynamap performance, leading to an overall error of about 3 dB. The present work ends with a discussion of how to improve the design of the network further, based on the calculation of the cross-correlations between monitoring stations’ noise data.

Rights Gone Wrong on the City’s Edge

This chapter states that the village residents, described as being displaced for a new urban zone in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, very much participated in the vision of an aesthetically upgraded city. Using state resettlement policies to examine the fiction that liberal property automatically delivers liberal political rights, the chapter shows how residents adopted the expectation that improvements to the land they occupied would improve their standing as urban citizens. The chapter also exhibits how land-related documents — including petitions, titles, government-issued reclamation orders, and a labyrinthine array of legal papers — simultaneously do and do not have the power to act on the world. In addition to offering a novel way of looking at land fictions in Vietnam, the chapter argues for a reconciliation of what have heretofore been seen as antagonistic Latourian and Marxist perspectives on fetishism. On the one hand, a Latourian perspective would rightly highlight how the land documents in this case engender novel forms of action. But such an approach would only capture part of the story, because the evidence also shows that documents like these also contribute to forms of mystification. This chapter further uses insights from Marx's critique of the commodity form to show the work of nonhuman actors in staging and maintaining the commodity fiction.

Quantifying Rapid Urbanization and its impact on Urban Green Spaces: Directional and Zonal Analysis integrated with Landscape Expansion Index

Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, is urbanizing rapidly in recent years mainly through the destruction of environmental resources. This study aimed at the dynamics of urban green spaces (UGS). Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to extract land use and land cover data. The Landscape Expansion Index (LEI) was employed to measure urban growth patterns. The result showed that a more noticeable growth was observed in the peri-urban zone (40.1km2 to 176.1km2), followed by the inner urban zone (from 67.1km2 to 105km2). The expansion in the urban core zone was marginal and followed a non-unidirectional trend i.e. increased in the first period (1989-1999) and second period (1999-2009) by (0.11% and 4.2%), while decreased in the third period (2009-2019) by 3.6%. The result for LEI dynamics showed that the city experienced a pronounced outlying growth (98%) pattern, while edge expansion and infilling growth were insignificant. Conversely, the UGS declined in the inner urban zone by (18.03%), (28.61%) and (18.97%) in the first, second, and third periods. Similarly, in the peri-urban zone, the UGS persistently declined by (11.5%), (17.1%) and, (28.03%). The directional analysis showed that urban areas significantly expanded in SEE, SSE, SSW, and NEE with a net increase of 5.35, 4.4 km, 2.83, and 2.3 km2/year, respectively. Conventional large-scale /citywide/ dynamics investigations are not robust enough to represent the actual magnitude and directions of change, while the zonal and directional study is more effective in characterizing the Spatio-temporal dynamics for better urban planning towards.

PEMETAAN KARAKTERISTIK WILAYAH URBAN DAN RURAL DI WILAYAH BANDUNG RAYA DENGAN METODE SPATIAL CLUSTERING

Perkembangan wilayah suatu daerah yang terus meningkat baik dari segi sosial maupun ekonomi menarik minat penduduk wilayah lain untuk berkegiatan di daerah tersebut. Perkembangan wilayah dapat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor baik faktor fisik maupun non fisik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengelompokkan dan memetakan karakteristik wilayah urban dan rural di wilayah Bandung Raya berdasarkan tipologi perkembangan wilayah di masing-masing kecamatan. Sehingga pembangunan yang direncanakan dapat efektif dan efisien sesuai kondisi di masing-masing kecamatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari berbagai instansi. Variabel yang digunakan antara lain indeks ketersediaan fasilitas ekonomi, indeks ketersediaan fasilitas sosial, indeks ketersediaan fasilitas pendidikan, rasio lahan terbangun, densitas jaringan jalan dan kepadatan penduduk dengan unit penelitian berjumlah 106 kecamatan. Data dianalisis menggunakan metode Skalogram Dimodifikasi, Principal Component Analisis dan Spatial Clustering. Hasil analisis menunjukkan berdasarkan tipologi perkembangan wilayah, Bandung Raya dikelompokan menjadi 3 cluster yaitu urban (perkotaan), suburban dan rural (perdesaan). Cluster perkotaan terdiri atas 34 kecamatan menyebar di Kota Bandung dan Kota Cimahi. Cluster suburban terdiri atas 43 kecamatan menyebar di Kabupaten Bandung Barat dan Kabupaten Bandung. Cluster perdesaan terdiri atas 29 kecamatan menyebar di Kabupaten SumedangKata kunci: fasilitas, lahan terbangun, perkembangan wilayah, Skalogram Dimodifikasi, Spatial ClusterThe development of a region that continues to increase, both in terms of social and economic, attracts residents from other regions to have activities in the area. Regional development can be influenced by various factors, physical and non-physical factors. This study aimed to cluster the Greater Bandung area based on typology of regional development in each sub-district so that the planned development can be effective and efficient according to the conditions in each sub-district. This study used secondary data obtained from various institutions. Variables used in this study were the economic facilities availability index, social facilities availability index, educational facilities availability index, built up area ratio, road density and population density with total 106 sub-districts. These datas were analyzed using the Modified Skalogram method, Principal Component Analysis and Spatial Clustering. The analysis showed that based on the typology of regional development, Greater Bandung can be grouped into 3 clusters, consisting of urban zone, suburban zone and rural zone. Urban zone consists of 34 sub-districts spreading mostly in Bandung City and Cimahi City. Suburban zone consists of 43 sub-districts spreading mostly in West Bandung Regency and Bandung Regency. Rural zone consists of 29 sub-districts spreading mostly in Sumedang RegencyKey words: facilities, built up area, regional development, Modified Skalogram, Spatial Clustering