Article 32: The Right to Protection from Economic Exploitation and Hazardous Activities

Abstract‘Governments should advertise more about children rights as well as make regular check-ups on homes and workplaces to ensure children are not doing child labour or unfairly paid.’ (Latin America/Caribbean).

Peran Save The Children Sebagai Lembaga Internasional Dalam Upaya Perlindungan Dan Pemenuhan Hak-Hak Dasar Anak

Setiap anak di dunia memiliki hak dasar yang sejak lahir harus dipenuhi dan dilindungi. Tidak terpenuhinya hak anak merupakan suatu pelanggaran dan termasuk kedalam suatu permasalahan karena pemenuhan dan perlindungan kepada hak-hak anak merupakan hal yang penting. Permasalahan mengenai isu anak masih tetap ada hingga saat ini. Maka Save The Children sebagai lembaga internasional yang bergerak dalam kesejahteraan anak hadir dalam membantu mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Lembaga Save The Children yang hadir di berbagai negara di dunia juga berperan sebagai lembaga yang kuat dan berkeadilan sesuai dengan tujuan SDGs ke 16. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode literature review yang bertujuan untuk melihat dan mengetahui peran Save The Children dalam upaya perlindungan dan pemenuhan hak dasar anak di negara Inggris dan Indonesia. Pencarian literature review menggunakan google scholar dan SAGE dengan kata kunci Save The Children, Perlindungan Hak Anak/Child Protection, Children Rights dan SDGs nomor 16. Berdasarkan hasil literature review yang dilakukan, Save The Children merupakan salah satu bentuk kelembagaan yang kuat untuk menciptakan keadaan yang damai dan adil sesuai dengan SDGs poin 16 dalam hal ini pada perlindungan dan pemenuhan hak dasar anak. Di Inggris, Save The Children memiliki gerakan dalam upaya perlindungan anak dengan membantu anak-anak yang berada dalam konflik, eksploitasi, atau diabaikan. Save The Children Indonesia memiliki peran dalam perlindungan anak, kemiskinan anak, tata kelola anak, pendidikan, kesehatan dan nutrisi, aksi kemanusiaan, dan advokasi. Save The Children juga memiliki peran dalam mewadahi praktik pekerjaan sosial dengan menyediakan layanan yang membantu advokasi atau intervensi klien.Kata kunci: Peran Save The Children, Perlindungan Anak, Hak Anak, SDGs no.16

CHILD MARRIAGE CONDITIONALITY AND ITS DISPENSATION IN MAHKAMAH SYAR’IYAH ACEH, INDONESIA

This research aims to explain the policy regarding the conditionality and its dispensation of child marriage and to find out the effectiveness of the Law Number 16 Year 2019 Concerning the Amendment of Law Number 1 Year 1974 Concerning Marriage Law as well as the implementation of child marriage conditionality in Aceh by analysing Mahkamah Syar’iyah decisions. This research uses normative empirical legal research which mostly discusses on the Marriage Law and focuses on the norms regarding the conditionality and its dispensation of child marriage that is regulated under the Marriage Law and the implementation in Aceh. Keywords : Child Marriage, Children Rights, Legal problems, Mahkamah Syar’iyah.

A Legacy of Child Exclusion

Chapter 1 begins with an overview of the historical argument for human rights, starting in the seventeenth century, that stresses human reason and autonomy as the foundation of rights for “abstract adults,” especially in the theories of Locke and Kant. These liberal approaches denied children rights on the grounds that they did not meet the criteria for rights. In contrast, this chapter presents a relational approach to rights based on shared human vulnerability and dependency. Those aspects stress the social, not individualist, nature of rights, as envisioned by Marx, feminists, and communitarian thinkers. The new approach makes inclusion of children’s human rights possible.

ENGLISH: Child Labour and Education Perspective of International Law, Pakistani Law and Islamic Law (A Comparative Jurisprudential Approach)

Education, of course, is allied with the child labour; where the increase of one is the decrease of other. Both, education and protection from child labour, are the basic rights of all children without any sort of discrimination. Contemporary literature shows drastic increase in child labour all over the world. All this is even in the presence of international conventions regarding child rights, specifically, the UNCRC 1989 – a legal document globally ratified. Owing to this fact, the international law, related to children rights, faces threat in this regard. Islamic Law, on the other hand, too, provides a comprehensive legal mechanism and structure for children rights. Comparatively to other legal spectrum, Islamic law is more effective in term of its jurisprudential approach to children rights. Pakistan, being an Islamic country, remained under the administrative control of the Great Britain and, therefore, follow a plural law – a mixture of Islamic and conventional law. This study, thus, probes the International Law, Islamic Law and Pakistani Law in connection to child education and child labour. Finding shows, with solid evidences, that Islamic law offers a comprehensive mechanism for children rights – protecting these both at strategic and operational levels. Content analysis technique, being an important research tool of qualitative method, has been followed for the investigation of the issue.

Access to Justice for Women and Children in Divorce Cases in the Indonesian Religious Courts

This research aims to investigate access to justice for children and women in the Religious Court Decisions after the issuance of Circular Letter of Supreme Court No. 4 of 2016, Point 5 on Religious Chamber. This particular point states that the Religious Court can require a father to provide child maintenance if the child is under the custody of the mother. This is a normative study, with the data obtained from interviews and 150 Religious court decisions. These decisions are issued by the Religious Courts of East Jakarta and Central Jakarta from 2015-2017. The examination of those Decisions reveals that most of the decisions on divorce do not mention any stipulation about child maintenance. This means that the Supreme Court Circular No. 4 of 2016 has not been able to protect children rights in the case of divorce, as well as women’s rights. From the court used in this study, only 14% that require the fathers to provide child maintenance after divorce. This percentage is almost similar to the decisions issued before the issuance of the Circular, which only 12% in 2016, and 14% in 2017. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui akses keadilan bagi anak dan perempuan dalam Putusan Pengadilan Agama pasca terbitnya Keputusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 4 Tahun 2016 Poin 5 tentang Kamar Beragama. Dalam poin khusus ini disebutkan bahwa Pengadilan Agama dapat meminta seorang ayah untuk mengasuh anak jika anak tersebut berada di bawah asuhan ibunya. Penelitian ini bersifat normatif, dengan data diperoleh dari wawancara dan 150 putusan Pengadilan Agama. Putusan-putusan tersebut dikeluarkan oleh Pengadilan Agama Jakarta Timur dan Jakarta Pusat dari tahun 2015- 2017. Berdasarkan pemeriksaan terhadap Putusan tersebut, sebagian besar Putusan perceraian tidak menyebutkan ketentuan tentang pengasuhan anak. Artinya, Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung Nomor 4 Tahun 2016 belum mampu melindungi hak anak dan hal perempuan dalam kasus perceraian. Data pengadilan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, menyebutkan hanya 14% yang mewajibkan ayah untuk mengasuh anak setelah perceraian. Persentase ini hampir sama dengan keputusan yang dikeluarkan sebelum keluarnya keputusan tersebut, yaitu hanya 12% pada 2016, dan 14% pada 2017.

The Paramountcy Principle – a Rights-based Legal Analysis

Best interests of the child – a concept serving for the realization and protection of the child’s fundamental rights – has been a subject for debates since its formation. While indeterminate and flexible to each single case by its nature, it is still deemed to be one of the most effective tools with regard to children rights law. The present Article aims at illustrating the value the concept should be accorded to, together with the degree of its implementation in the legislation of Georgia, rather than concentrating on the notion’s indeterminacy. For this reason, the Article will demonstrate meaning, importance, place of the best interests of the child at both – international and local levels.