application of principle of res judicata and estopple in family law cases in Syariah court

This writing examines the Syariah court’s approach in applying the principle of res judicata and estoppel in family law cases in Syariah. With the existence of the legal provisions, there are still the unclear application of res judicata and the principle of estopple in terms of hearing mal cases especially the matter involved with a monetary claim for example mut’ah cases, child maintenance, and jointly acquired property. Although this principle has been understood by the legal practitioner, the synchronization between the principle of res judicata, estopple, and court procedure is yet to be scrutinized by the Courts. Thus, a qualitative study was carried out along with library research including decided cases in this research. The content analysis method is applied in data analysis. This study indicated that in arriving at a decision, Syariah Court indirectly applied these principles. However, the implementation of these principles should be highlighted to validate the principle of justice in Syariah Courts.

Cabaran Penguatkuasaan Penghakiman Mahkamah Syariah: Kajian Peranan Bahagian Sokongan Keluarga Terhadap Hak Wanita dan Kanak-Kanak di Sarawak

Cabaran Penguatkuasaan Penghakiman Mahkamah Syariah: Kajian Peranan Bahagian Sokongan Keluarga Terhadap Hak Wanita dan Kanak-Kanak di Sarawak Abstrak Penghakiman yang diputuskan oleh Hakim Syarie di Mahkamah Syariah hendaklah dipatuhi oleh pihak-pihak. Ketidakpatuhan penghakiman Mahkamah Syariah akan memberikan kesan terhadap wanita dan kanak-kanak dari aspek kewangan. Penguatkuasaan dan pelaksanaan penghakiman boleh diambil tindakan di Mahkamah Syariah. Kertas penyelidikan ini bertujuan melihat cabaran penguatkuasaan penghakiman yang memfokuskan kepada fungsi dan peranan Bahagian Sokongan Keluarga Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Malaysia di Sarawak. Pendekatan metodologi yang digunapakai bagi kertas kerja ini ialah pendekatan kualitatif. Penyelidikan mendapati bahawa BSK JKSM yang ditempatkan di Sarawak merupakan satu langkah yang proaktif diambil oleh JKSM untuk memastikan penghakiman Mahkamah Syariah dipatuhi oleh pihak Penghutang Penghakiman. Penguatkuasaan penghakiman yang dilaksanakan adalah penghakiman nafkah anak, nafkah isteri, nafkah eddah dan mutaah dikuatkuasakan melalui mekanisme perundangan yang berkuatkuasa di Sarawak. Terdapat beberapa cabaran dalam pelaksanaan penguatkuasaan penghakiman di Sarawak yang telah diambil tindakan dan langkah pemerkasaan oleh pihak JKSM dan Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Sarawak. Pemerkasaan bahagian ini dilakukan secara holistik dan optimum dari segi kekangan kakitangan, fasiliti dan kompetensi pegawai. Kata Kunci: Bahagian Sokongan Keluarga, Penguatkuasaan Perintah, Sarawak, Hak Wanita, Hak Kanak-kanak Challenges in Enforcement of Syariah Court Judgment: Study of The Role of The Family Support Division on The Rights of Women and Children in Sarawak Abstract The judgment decided by the Syariah Judge in the Syariah Court shall be complied with by the parties. Non-compliance with Syariah court judgments will have a financial impact on women and children. Enforcement and execution of judgments can be taken action in Syariah Courts. This research paper is aimed to view the challenges of judgment enforcement focusing on the functions and roles of the Family Support Division of the Department of Syariah Judiciary Malaysia in Sarawak. The methodological approach of the study which this paper is based is a qualitative approach. The study has revealed that BSK JKSM located in Sarawak is a proactive step taken by JKSM JKSM to ensure that the judgment of the Syariah Court is complied with by the Judgment Debtor. The enforcement of the judgment is that the judgment of child maintenance, wife's maintenance, eddah maintenance and mutaah is enforced through the legal mechanism in force in Sarawak. There are several challenges in the implementation of judgment enforcement in Sarawak that have been taken action and empowerment measures by the JKSM and Department of Syariah Judiciary Sarawak. The empowerment of this division is done holistically and optimally in terms of staff constraints, facilities and officer competencies. Keywords: Family Support Division, Enforcement of judgment, Sarawak, Women's Rights, Children's Rights

Guaranteed or conditional child maintenance? Examining the 2016 reform in Sweden

Family policies promoting gender equality and parents’ shared responsibility for their children tend to assume good parental collaboration post separation. However, this assumption obscures the reality of conflict and intimate partner violence (IPV) in some separated families. Focusing on Sweden, this article examines the 2016 reform which implies that the state ceases acting as an intermediary to organise child maintenance unless ‘special reasons’, including the experience of IPV, are invoked. Thus, the Swedish guaranteed child maintenance scheme became conditional. Drawing on interviews with resident parents and case officers at the Swedish Social Insurance Agency (SSIA), this article suggests that the reform increases the vulnerability of resident parents in several ways. Moreover, the ‘special reasons’ exemption creates a new distinction between ‘violent’ and ‘normal’ families, which case workers struggle to administer, and which leads to a withdrawal of state support for many families.

6. Financial Support for Children

It is undeniable that anyone who is legally classified as a parent has an obligation to maintain their child. This chapter considers three areas of financial support for children: child maintenance as a percentage of gross weekly income of the non-resident parent, the financial outcomes of divorce as guided by the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 or the Civil Partnership Act 2004, and Schedule 1 of the Children Act 1989. The chapter starts with a brief history of financial support for children in the UK.

DUTY OF PATERNAL FAMILY MEMBERS IN THE MAINTENANCE OF CHILDREN ACCORDING TO SECTION 73(2) OF ISLAMIC FAMILY LAW (SELANGOR) ENACTMENT 2003

Section 73 of Islamic Family Law (Selangor) Enactment 2003 provides that it is the duty of the paternal family to provide maintenance to the children in the event of the father’s death, missing in action or suffers from any disabilities. However, the efficiency of this provision depends on the understanding and application by the courts and the person who is said to be liable under ‘hukum syarak’. Currently there is not many studies conducted on the efficiency of this provision in solving cases where there is a failure to provide maintenance to children in the circumstances stated above. This study analyses the application of section 73 of Islamic Family Law (Selangor) Enactment 2003 with the aim of looking into the efficiency of this section in solving the issue children’s maintenance. The study adopts a qualitative method that involves doctrinal study, arm-researcher approach and semi-structured interviews. The provision, scope and jurisdiction of section 73 of Islamic Family Law (Selangor) Enactment 2003 is analysed in detail. The semi-structured interview delves into the current practice of the court in the Federal Territories where the views of selected respondents ranging from the judges in the Shariah courts in the Federal Territories, Shariah law practitioner, and academics. This study finds that the existing laws are somewhat insufficient in addressing issues of child maintenance and lack of awareness on the claimant (mother and children) on the responsibility of the extended family. The study proposed some recommendations for some reforms of the current law and practice.

Familienrecht für die Soziale Arbeit

This textbook is aimed at students of social work and law, those working in both public and voluntary children’s aid associations and youth welfare services, guardians ad litem and judges. It focuses on civil regulations that are of particular importance when it comes to children growing up and adults raising children and adolescents: the law on parentage child maintenance parental custody, in particular civil child protection to ensure a child’s welfare and parental custody of children in cases of divorce and separation visiting rights, which are often particularly the cause of conflict The book addresses the regulations involved in guardianship, wardship and adoption. It also explains the law on caring for adults with disabilities or mental illnesses.

Shared Physical Custody and Child Maintenance Arrangements: A Comparative Analysis of 13 Countries Using a Model Family Approach

This book chapter provides new insights to the question of how child maintenance policies have responded to changing post separation family arrangements and most specifically shared physical custody (SPC). We analyse how SPC is implemented and how it operates in child maintenance policies in 13 countries: Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Iceland, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, the UK and the U.S. The comparative analysis is based on vignette questionnaire collected in 2017. There are differences in how countries have acknowledged and recognized shared physical custody in their child maintenance policies. It varies from complete annulment of obligations, to some countries making finer grained adjustments to reduce child maintenance obligations and yet others’ making no changes as a result of shared physical custody, with the paying parent still having to provide the full amount of child maintenance. It seems there is no standard practice and nor do the different arrangements map easily onto child maintenance scheme typology. The latter is surprising, as it might have been expected that similarly structured child maintenance schemes would treat shared physical custody in similar ways. This variability demonstrates a lack of coherence across child maintenance policies on how to deal with this phenomenon of greater gender equality in post-separation parenting arrangements.

Access to Justice for Women and Children in Divorce Cases in the Indonesian Religious Courts

This research aims to investigate access to justice for children and women in the Religious Court Decisions after the issuance of Circular Letter of Supreme Court No. 4 of 2016, Point 5 on Religious Chamber. This particular point states that the Religious Court can require a father to provide child maintenance if the child is under the custody of the mother. This is a normative study, with the data obtained from interviews and 150 Religious court decisions. These decisions are issued by the Religious Courts of East Jakarta and Central Jakarta from 2015-2017. The examination of those Decisions reveals that most of the decisions on divorce do not mention any stipulation about child maintenance. This means that the Supreme Court Circular No. 4 of 2016 has not been able to protect children rights in the case of divorce, as well as women’s rights. From the court used in this study, only 14% that require the fathers to provide child maintenance after divorce. This percentage is almost similar to the decisions issued before the issuance of the Circular, which only 12% in 2016, and 14% in 2017. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui akses keadilan bagi anak dan perempuan dalam Putusan Pengadilan Agama pasca terbitnya Keputusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 4 Tahun 2016 Poin 5 tentang Kamar Beragama. Dalam poin khusus ini disebutkan bahwa Pengadilan Agama dapat meminta seorang ayah untuk mengasuh anak jika anak tersebut berada di bawah asuhan ibunya. Penelitian ini bersifat normatif, dengan data diperoleh dari wawancara dan 150 putusan Pengadilan Agama. Putusan-putusan tersebut dikeluarkan oleh Pengadilan Agama Jakarta Timur dan Jakarta Pusat dari tahun 2015- 2017. Berdasarkan pemeriksaan terhadap Putusan tersebut, sebagian besar Putusan perceraian tidak menyebutkan ketentuan tentang pengasuhan anak. Artinya, Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung Nomor 4 Tahun 2016 belum mampu melindungi hak anak dan hal perempuan dalam kasus perceraian. Data pengadilan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, menyebutkan hanya 14% yang mewajibkan ayah untuk mengasuh anak setelah perceraian. Persentase ini hampir sama dengan keputusan yang dikeluarkan sebelum keluarnya keputusan tersebut, yaitu hanya 12% pada 2016, dan 14% pada 2017.

When Parents Fail: Addressing Delinquent Child Maintenance Through Informal Resources

The success rate using formal mechanisms by Ghanaian social workers to ensure the best outcomes for the child when there is default in child maintenance payments is low; hence the need to explore other strategies. The objective of this research was to explore informal support resources that could be helpful to families involved with social services on delinquent child maintenance (DCM). Guided by a practice research approach, in-depth interviews were conducted with 17 parents involved with a regional-level social service organization in Ghana. Their narratives were analyzed thematically using the NVivo software. Findings revealed that DCM is a problem for both sexes. Parents reported information, financial, and material support from relatives and neighbors to be relevant resources in addressing the problem. The study’s findings suggest the need for social workers to focus on informal support when addressing DCM and emphasize parental roles as situation-based not gender-based.