Holistically Modelling the Medieval Book: Towards a Digital Contribution

The book has long played an important role in medieval and indeed modern culture, being at the same time a carrier of texts and images, a sign potentially of wealth and/or education, a site of enquiry for modern scholarship for literature, history, linguistics, palaeography, codicology, art history, and more. The ‘archaeology of the book’ can tell us about its history (or biography) as well as the cultures that produced and used it, right up to its present ownership. This multidimensionality of the object has long been known, but it has also proven a challenge to digital approaches which (like all representations) are by their nature models that involve conscious or unconscious selection of particular aspects, and that have been more successful in some aspects than others. This then raises the question to what degree these different viewpoints can be brought together into something approaching a holistic view, while always allowing for the tension between standardisation and innovation, and while remembering that a ‘complete model’ is a tautology, neither possible nor desirable.

The role of scientific breeding in increasing of the potential possibilities of drug-free sowing hemp

Aim. An ancient dream of hemp farmers was the breeding of new varieties of monoecious hemp. The unexpected problem of hemp production has arisen the need to attract scientific breeding to create the world's first non-narcotic highly productive hemp. Methods. Measures of unconscious selection of plants in the period of threshing under the name "sichka" and "molochka" served as a prototype. The development of breeding methods was carried out in parallel to solve the problems of increasing the fiber content in the stems, the simultaneity of maturation, the creation of a new monoecious form of hemp, increase the yield of fiber and seeds and the removal of narcotically neutral new varieties. Results. Breeders of different generations researched and created new high-performance non-narcotic varieties of dioecious, simultaneously ripening and monoecious hemp varieties such as Hlukhivski 1, Hlukhivski 10, US 6, USO 1, USO 14, USO 16, Dniprovski odnodomni 6, USO 31, Hliana, Hlesia and others. Conclusions. Many years of cultivation of hemp and the creation of all new varieties of them showed that with a long substantiated study of this culture it is possible to obtain new information as yet unknown, due to the versatile differentiation of this culture by sexual types, openly showing the morphological and biological features of the sexes, representing gender forms that gradually change into one another, bringing researchers closer to new discoveries in genetics. Keywords: hemp, hemp forms, methods and ways of breeding, breeding varieties.

THE DOUBLINGS IN A SHORT STORY COLLECTION STARI DANI BY BORISAV STANKOVIĆ

In this paper we discuss the doubling of characters' identities in Borisav Stanković's short story collection Stari dani (1902), and a conscious or unconscious selection of another protagonist as an alternative for performing a particular protagonist’s activity the doubling of the actual narrative world through counter-narrative, simulated narrative, comparison and narrative negation will be analyzed. We will try to show how the patriarchal context determines this otherness of worlds and protagonists, and what the cause-effect relations has to do with the psychologization of Stanković's protagonists and the development of the story in nine short stories of the aforementioned collection.

Balanced Parts for the Ideal Whole

Crop domestication and breeding considerably increased productivity over centuries, but simultaneously involved unconscious selection against ‘selfish plant behavior’. Paradoxically, modern-day crop breeding largely enhances individual plant-fitness. As agriculture relies on community performance, embracing an “Agroecological Genetics and Genomics” viewpoint might maximize communal yield by matching crop genotypes to target environments.

Artificial and Unconscious Selection in Nietzsche’s Genealogy: Expectorating the Poisoned Pill of the Lamarckian Reading

I examine three kinds of criticism directed at philosophical genealogy. I call these substantive, performative, and semantic. I turn my attention to a particular substantive criticism that one may launch against essay two of On the Genealogy of Morals that turns on how Nietzsche answers “the time-crunch problem”. On the surface, there is evidence to suggest that Nietzsche accepts a false scientific theory, namely, Lamarck’s Inheritability Thesis, in order to account for the growth of a new human “organ”—morality. I demonstrate that the passages interpreted by some scholars to prove that Nietzsche is a Lamarckian can be reinterpreted along Darwinian lines. I demonstrate that Nietzsche hits upon the right drivers of phenotypical change in humans, namely, torture and enclosures (e.g., walls of early states), but misinterprets their true impact. Nietzsche believes that these technologies are responsible for producing what I call “culture-serving memory” and the bad conscience by causing emotions that once were expressed outwardly to turn inward causing the “psychological digestion” of the human animal. In reality, however, these mechanisms are conducive to breeding a particular type of individual, namely, one who is docile, by introducing artificial and unconscious selective pressures into the environment of early humans. In showing that Nietzsche’s genealogical account of memory and bad conscience is not underpinned on a false scientific theory and is consistent with Neo-Darwinism, I deflect a potentially fatal blow regarding the veracity of Nietzsche’s genealogies.

Variation Under Domestication

Causes of Variability—Effects of Habit—Correlation of Growth—Inheritance —Character of Domestic Varieties—Difficulty of distinguishing between Varieties and Species—Origin of Domestic Varieties from one or more Species—Domestic Pigeons, their Differences and Origin—Principle of Selection anciently followed, its Effects—Methodical and Unconscious Selection—Unknown Origin of our Domestic Productions—Circumstances favourable...