Development of an experimental apparatus to observe ultrafast phenomena by tender X-ray absorption spectroscopy at PAL-XFEL

Understanding the ultrafast dynamics of molecules is of fundamental importance. Time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (TR-XAS) is a powerful spectroscopic technique for unveiling the time-dependent structural and electronic information of molecules that has been widely applied in various fields. Herein, the design and technical achievement of a newly developed experimental apparatus for TR-XAS measurements in the tender X-ray range with X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory XFEL (PAL-XFEL) are described. Femtosecond TR-XAS measurements were conducted at the Ru L 3-edge of well known photosensitizer tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) in water. The results indicate ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer from the Ru center to the ligand, which demonstrates that the newly designed setup is applicable for monitoring ultrafast reactions in the femtosecond domain.

CRYPTOCURRENCY AS A VIRTUAL SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM OF DOUBLE COSTS. CRYPTOCURRENCY IN UKRAINE

The article considers the concept of cryptocurrency, its history, features, pros and cons, ways of distribution of cryptocurrency in the world and in Ukraine. The problematic issues of making virtual currencies are considered, in particular, why this issue is relevant today. Cryptocurrency is an opportunity to look at economic issues from a new angle. Its emergence is due to the needs of the time. Undoubtedly, this is an actual technical achievement. Opportunities and popularity are currently growing at a rapid pace. It is similar in characteristics to ordinary money but has a number of features that are becoming increasingly popular today. There are many ways to earn cryptocurrency and make a profit from it. Сryptocurrency is a new word in money circulation. We can assume that cryptocurrency may soon become an alternative to traditional means of payment.

Fluctuations of extreme eigenvalues of sparse Erdős–Rényi graphs

We consider a class of sparse random matrices which includes the adjacency matrix of the Erdős–Rényi graph $${{\mathcal {G}}}(N,p)$$ G ( N , p ) . We show that if $$N^{\varepsilon } \leqslant Np \leqslant N^{1/3-\varepsilon }$$ N ε ⩽ N p ⩽ N 1 / 3 - ε then all nontrivial eigenvalues away from 0 have asymptotically Gaussian fluctuations. These fluctuations are governed by a single random variable, which has the interpretation of the total degree of the graph. This extends the result (Huang et al. in Ann Prob 48:916–962, 2020) on the fluctuations of the extreme eigenvalues from $$Np \geqslant N^{2/9 + \varepsilon }$$ N p ⩾ N 2 / 9 + ε down to the optimal scale $$Np \geqslant N^{\varepsilon }$$ N p ⩾ N ε . The main technical achievement of our proof is a rigidity bound of accuracy $$N^{-1/2-\varepsilon } (Np)^{-1/2}$$ N - 1 / 2 - ε ( N p ) - 1 / 2 for the extreme eigenvalues, which avoids the $$(Np)^{-1}$$ ( N p ) - 1 -expansions from Erdős et al. (Ann Prob 41:2279–2375, 2013), Huang et al. (2020) and Lee and Schnelli (Prob Theor Rel Fields 171:543–616, 2018). Our result is the last missing piece, added to Erdős et al. (Commun Math Phys 314:587–640, 2012), He (Bulk eigenvalue fluctuations of sparse random matrices. arXiv:1904.07140), Huang et al. (2020) and Lee and Schnelli (2018), of a complete description of the eigenvalue fluctuations of sparse random matrices for $$Np \geqslant N^{\varepsilon }$$ N p ⩾ N ε .

An Analysis of Jonathan Harvey’s Speakings for Orchestra and Electronics

In recent years an increasing number of composers have used speech as source material for instrumental, electronic and electroacoustic music. This article examines this particular intersection of music and language through an analysis of Jonathan Harvey’s Speakings for orchestra and electronics. I attempt to understand how Harvey made an orchestra sound like a human voice by analyzing his use of technology and his compositional techniques, particularly as they relate to existing theories of speech perception, acoustics and articulatory phonetics. This technical achievement is then placed in its broader musical context to examine the role that speech-sounds play in this piece, and the implications of hearing an orchestra speak in the context of this work’s narrative.

Gender Differences in the Level of Achievement of Gymnastic and Acrobatic Skills

Physical education should provide the opportunities to progressively integrate motor tasks with different levels of complexity from early ages to adolescence. The objective of this research was to analyze gender differences in the level of achievement of basic acrobatic skills of students of physical activity sciences in their non-university stages. This cross-sectional study with descriptive design was carried out with a total of 675 first-year Spanish university students distributed over eight academic years. An initial test of two acrobatic skills was performed. The instruments used for data collection were a video camera and observation templates. The SPSS 26.0 computer program was used for data analysis. The main results show a poor and insufficient level of technical achievement by both genders, but more pronounced for men. The most deficient phases were those related to extension movements of different segments of the body and movements that require coordination and stability in the descent phases of acrobatics, and men were less flexible in both phases. Non-university training of the content associated with basic gymnastic and acrobatic skills is being deficient within the subject of physical education with a downward trend of not only the development of sports skills but also of physical abilities such as flexibility and strength.

Normative Modes

This chapter focuses on the production of normative codes or standards in response to ethical issues concerning artificial intelligence (AI). Codes can be a useful part of ethics, but have limits and dangers. Standards can be especially useful in technical achievement of goals and exploring possibilities. However, codes of ethics are embedded within far wider questions of value—values which may not be explicitly included in the codes themselves, but which are assumed or referenced within wider societal values and norms within which the codes are nested. These values themselves can evolve. As such, when it comes to AI, people need to be prepared for even larger shifts in how they think of value. Moreover, given the power of AI to augment or replace human thought and human agency, people need to consider basic philosophical questions about human nature in order to assess how humans might fare in response to AI.