VAKSINASI MASAL COVID-19 DI PELABUHAN LEMBAR LOMBOK BARAT

ABSTRAKWHO (World Health Organization) secara resmi mendeklarasikan virus corona (Covid-19) sebagai pandemi. Virus Covid-19 menyebabkan gejala seperti demam dan batuk, dan kebanyakan bisa sembuh dalam beberapa minggu. Tapi bagi sebagian orang yang berisiko tinggi (kelompok lanjut usia dan orang dengan masalah kesehatan menahun, seperti penyakit jantung, tekanan darah tinggi, atau diabetes), virus corona dapat menyebabkan masalah kesehatan yang serius. Ada dua jalur utama penularan COVID-19, yakni penularan droplet pernapasan dan penularan kontak dekat. Dalam rangka penanggulangan pandemi COVID-19 tidak hanya dilaksanakan dari sisi penerapan protokol kesehatan, namun juga intervensi dengan vaksinasi sebagai bagian dari upaya pencegahan dan Pengendalian COVID-19. Kegiatan vaksinasi masal ini bertujuan agar dapat terbentuk herd immunity (kekebalan kelompok) dan berkurangnya angka kematian akibat COVID-19 pada masyarakat.Jenis vaksin yang digunakan pada kegiatan vaksinasi masal ini adalah Moderna. Jumlah responden yang mengikuti kegiatan ini sebanyak 1.581 orang. Hasil pengabdian didapatkan bahwa jumlah yang melakukan vaksinasi sebanyak 1.581 orang yang terdiri remaja sebanyak 60 orang dewasa sebanyak 1497 orang dan lansia sebanyak 24 orang, diberikan vaksin sebanyak 1.536 orang, ditunda sebanyak 45 orang. Kata kunci: vaksinasi; covid-19; komunitas. ABSTRACTWHO (World Health Organization) has officially declared the coronavirus (Covid-19) as a pandemic. The Covid-19 virus causes symptoms such as fever and cough, and most recover within a few weeks. But for some people who are at high risk (the elderly and people with chronic health problems, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, or diabetes), the coronavirus can cause serious health problems. There are two main routes of transmission of COVID-19, namely respiratory droplet transmission and close contact transmission. In the context of dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, it is not only implemented in terms of implementing health protocols but also interventions with vaccinations as part of efforts to prevent and control COVID-19. This mass vaccination activity aims to form herd immunity and reduce the mortality rate due to COVID-19 in the community. The type of vaccine used in this mass vaccination activity is Moderna. The number of respondents who participated in this activity was 1,581 people. The results of the service found that the number of people who registered for Pcare was 1,581 people, consisting of 60 teenagers, 1497 adults, and 24 elderly people, 1,536 people were given the vaccine, 45 people were delayed. Keywords: vaccination; covid-19; community.

Factors Affecting COVID-19 Transmission and Modelling of Close Contact Tracing Strategies

Background: Close contact tracing is an essential measure that countries are applying to combat the epidemic of COVID-19. The purpose of contact tracing is to rapidly identify potentially infected individuals and prevent further spread of the disease. In this study, based on the factors affecting the COVID-19 transmission, a scoring protocol is provided for close contact tracing. Methods: First, the factors affecting the COVID-19 transmission in close contacts were identified by a rapid review of the literature. Data were gathered by searching the Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. Then, by formulating and scoring the identified factors with two sessions of the expert panel, close contact transmission risk score determined, and a protocol for contacts tracing was designed. Results: Close contact transmission risk depends on the contact environment characteristics, the infectivity (virus shedding) of the sentinel case, and contact characteristics. Based on these factors, the close contact transmission risk score and contact tracing protocol were prepared. Conclusion: The close contact transmission risk scores will provide the ability to contact classifications and developing specific tracing strategies for them. Given that there are not any specific treatments for COVID-19 and lack of universal vaccination, applying nonpharmaceutical measures such as contact tracing along with physical distancing is very crucial. Therefore, we recommended this model to the evaluation of exposure risk and contact tracing.

Contact-dependent transmission of Langat and tick-borne encephalitis virus in type I interferon receptor-1 deficient mice.

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is primarily transmitted to humans through tick bites or oral consumption of accordingly contaminated unpasteurized milk or milk products. The detection of TBEV RNA in various body fluids in immunosuppressed human patients is documented. However, the risk of direct contact exposure remains unclear. Interferon-alpha receptor-1 deficient (Ifnar1-/-) mice, which are lacking the interferon-α/β responses, develop neurologic manifestations after infection with TBEV and Langat virus (LGTV). We showed that subcutaneous, intranasal, and peroral infection of LGTV lead to disease, whereas mice with intragastric application of LGTV showed no disease signs. With LGTV infected mice exhibit seroconversion and significant viral RNA levels was detected in saliva, eye smear, feces and urine. As a result, TBEV and LGTV are transmitted between mice from infected to naïve co-caged sentinel animals. Although intranasal inoculation of LGTV is entirely sufficient to establish the disease in mice, the virus is not transmitted by aerosols. These pooled results from animal models highlight the risks of exposure to TBEV contaminants and the possibility for close contact transmission of TBEV in interferon-alpha receptor-1 deficient laboratory mice. Importance Tick-borne encephalitis is a severe disease of the central nervous system caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Every year between 10,000-12,000 people become infected with this flavivirus. The TBEV is usually transmitted to humans via the bite of a tick, but infections due to consumption of infectious milk products are increasingly being reported. Since there is no therapy for an TBEV infection and mechanisms of virus persistence in reservoir animals are unclear, it is important to highlight the risk of exposure to TBEV contaminants and know possible routes of transmission of this virus. The significance of our research is in identifying other infection routes of TBEV and LGTV, and the possibility of close contact transmission.

Simulating social distancing measures in household and close contact transmission of SARS-CoV-2

We sought to evaluate contact rate reduction goals for household and close contacts and to provide preventive recommendations during the coronavirus pandemic. We applied an agent-based model to simulate the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 within household or close contacts through a social network of 150 nodes. there is no great difference in total infected people within modifications in number of links per node for networks with average number of links per node greater than three. For six nodes, total infected people are 149.85; for five nodes, 148.97; and for four nodes, 141.57. On the other hand, for three nodes, total infected are 82.39, for two nodes, 13.95; and for one node, 2.96. This model indicates a possible pitfall if social distancing measures are not stepwise suspended and close surveillance of cases are not provided, since the relationship between average links per node and number of infected people seems to be s-shaped, and not linear.

Characterizing the phylogenetic specialism–generalism spectrum of mammal parasites

The distribution of parasites across mammalian hosts is complex and represents a differential ability or opportunity to infect different host species. Here, we take a macroecological approach to investigate factors influencing why some parasites show a tendency to infect species widely distributed in the host phylogeny (phylogenetic generalism) while others infect only closely related hosts. Using a database on over 1400 parasite species that have been documented to infect up to 69 terrestrial mammal host species, we characterize the phylogenetic generalism of parasites using standard effect sizes for three metrics: mean pairwise phylogenetic distance (PD), maximum PD and phylogenetic aggregation. We identify a trend towards phylogenetic specialism, though statistically host relatedness is most often equivalent to that expected from a random sample of host species. Bacteria and arthropod parasites are typically the most generalist, viruses and helminths exhibit intermediate generalism, and protozoa are on average the most specialist. While viruses and helminths have similar mean pairwise PD on average, the viruses exhibit higher variation as a group. Close-contact transmission is the transmission mode most associated with specialism. Most parasites exhibiting phylogenetic aggregation (associating with discrete groups of species dispersed across the host phylogeny) are helminths and viruses.

Dynamics of infectious disease transmission by inhalable respiratory droplets

Transmission of respiratory infectious diseases in humans, for instance influenza, occurs by several modes. Respiratory droplets provide a vector of transmission of an infectious pathogen that may contribute to different transmission modes. An epidemiological model incorporating the dynamics of inhalable respiratory droplets is developed to assess their relevance in the infectious process. Inhalable respiratory droplets are divided into respirable droplets, with droplet diameter less than 10 µm, and inspirable droplets, with diameter in the range 10–100 µm: both droplet classes may be inhaled or settle. Droplet dynamics is determined by their physical properties (size), whereas population dynamics is determined by, among other parameters, the pathogen infectivity and the host contact rates. Three model influenza epidemic scenarios, mediated by different airborne or settled droplet classes, are analysed. The scenarios are distinguished by the characteristic times associated with breathing at contact and with hand-to-face contact. The scenarios suggest that airborne transmission, mediated by respirable droplets, provides the dominant transmission mode in middle and long-term epidemics, whereas inspirable droplets, be they airborne or settled, characterize short-term epidemics with high attack rates. The model neglects close-contact transmission by droplet sprays (direct projection onto facial mucous membranes), retaining close-contact transmission by inspirable droplets.

Age-prevalence and household clustering ofStrongyloides stercoralisinfection in Jamaica

The epidemiology ofStrongyloides stercoraliswas studied in families of clinical (reference) cases and their neighbours at endemic foci in Jamaica. Thirteen foci were studied based on the place of residence of a reference case. For each household of a reference case, the 4 most proximal neighbourhood households (spatial controls) were included in the study. Out of 312 persons contacted 244 were followed up using questionnaires, stool examination and serology. Prevalence of infection based on stool examination was 3·5% and on ELISA 24·2%. Prevalence increased with age but was not related to gender. Reference cases were significantly older than the general study population. The prevalence of infection based on both serology and stool examination was significantly higher in reference than in neighbouring households (the reference cases, themselves, were not included in the analysis). Furthermore, prevalence of infection was highest among persons who shared a bedroom with a reference case and decreased significantly with increasing spatial separation. This is indicative of close contact transmission which has not been previously shown for a geohelminth, but which is common among microparasites.