Knowledge Enhanced Event Causality Identification with Mention Masking Generalizations

Identifying causal relations of events is a crucial language understanding task. Despite many efforts for this task, existing methods lack the ability to adopt background knowledge, and they typically generalize poorly to new, previously unseen data. In this paper, we present a new method for event causality identification, aiming to address limitations of previous methods. On the one hand, our model can leverage external knowledge for reasoning, which can greatly enrich the representation of events; On the other hand, our model can mine event-agnostic, context-specific patterns, via a mechanism called event mention masking generalization, which can greatly enhance the ability of our model to handle new, previously unseen cases. In experiments, we evaluate our model on three benchmark datasets and show our model outperforms previous methods by a significant margin. Moreover, we perform 1) cross-topic adaptation, 2) exploiting unseen predicates, and 3) cross-task adaptation to evaluate the generalization ability of our model. Experimental results show that our model demonstrates a definite advantage over previous methods.

Cartilage rim augmented fascia tympanoplasty: a more effective composite graft model than temporalis fascia tympanoplasty

ObjectiveTo validate a newly introduced cartilage rim augmented temporalis fascia tympanoplasty technique by statistically comparing it with the morphological and audiological outcomes of traditional temporalis fascia tympanoplasty.MethodsA retrospective comparative study was conducted on 115 patients who underwent tympanoplasty during 2013 and 2015. Fifty-eight patients underwent temporalis fascia tympanoplasty and 57 underwent cartilage rim augmented fascia tympanoplasty.ResultsIn the cartilage fascia group, graft healing was achieved in 94.7 per cent of cases; in the temporalis fascia group, the graft take-up rate was 70 per cent. In those with a normal ossicular chain, the post-operative air–bone gap was within 20 dB in 92.6 per cent of cartilage fascia group cases and in 69.7 per cent of the temporalis fascia group cases, which was a statistically significant difference. Among the defective ossicular chain cases, the post-operative air–bone gap was within 20 dB in 76.9 per cent in the cartilage fascia group, as against 57.1 per cent in the temporalis fascia group.ConclusionCartilage rim augmented temporalis fascia tympanoplasty has a definite advantage over the temporalis fascia technique in terms of superior graft take up and statistically significant hearing gain in those with normal ossicular mobility.

Local application of haemocoagulase for control of haemorrhages after tonsillectomy: a study in a teaching hospital

<p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Background: </span></strong>Post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage remains the most serious complication of tonsillectomy. Many topical agents have been used to control the post-operative bleeding by the surgeons. This study was undertaken to evaluate hemocoagulase as a local application in tonsillectomy for the control of primary, reactionary and secondary haemorrhages.</p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Methods: </span></strong>50 patients, between the ages 5-60 years, who came with chronic tonsillitis or adenoid hypertrophy, were included into the study. The surgery was performed under general anaesthesia by tonsillar resection or tonsilloadenoid resection. </p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Results: </span></strong>The most common age group to be affected was between 5 and 15 years, though in this age group the number of females and males were the same, accounting for 28% each of the total number of patients. Among the 50 patients, only 5 (10%) of them had reactionary haemorrhage, which was immediately contained. None of the patients had either primary or secondary haemorrhage.</p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Conclusions: </span></strong>The use of hemocoagulase has after tonsillectomy has definite advantage in controlling post-operative bleeding. It can be used as a routine application after tonsillectomy to control the bleeding.</p>

The Structure of the Pyoverdin Isolated from Various Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars

From seven different pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae representing various genetic subgroups, and one strain of Pseudomonas viridiflava the same pyoverdin siderophore (1) was isolated, probably identical with the pyoverdin whose amino acid composition (but not their sequence) had been reported before. 1 is the first pyoverdin where two of the ligands for Fe3+ are β-hydroxy Asp units. Its remarkably high complexing constant for Fe3+ at pH 5 as compared with other pyoverdins offers a definite advantage in plant infection. The structure elucidation of 1 will be described and the taxonomical implications regarding pyoverdins with different structures ascribed previously to P. syringae strains will be discussed.

Advanced Warning/Caution/Advisory Displays for Fighter Aircraft

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using color cathode ray tube (CRT) checklists and programmable multifunction switches to display warning/caution/advisory (W/C/A) information. This study compared three different display formats on speed and accuracy of recognition and execution of emergency procedures. The following three different W/C/A formats were tested: 1) Abbreviated title of the emergency written on a CRT [e.g., ELEC SYS/MAIN GEN], with the pilot using his knee pad checklist to complete the required steps, 2) Complete title with the checklist shown on a CRT, [e.g., MAIN GENERATOR FAILURE/ELEC RESET SWITCH- DEPRESS], and 3) Complete title with the checklist plus the pictorial switch layout, [i.e., CRT showing location of switch to be pressed.] Results showed that there is a definite advantage in using a CRT W/C/A checklist. Event time for the Abbreviated Title/Manual Checklist was significantly longer than either the Complete Title/CRT Checklist or the Complete Title/CRT Checklist with pictorials. However, there was no difference in event time between the latter two.

Economics of Share-Cropping in Haryana (India) Agriculture

This study shows that most share -croppers are small farmers. There is some evidence that technical efficiency is lower on share-cropping farms. There is significant allocative inefficiency on both share-cropping and owner-operated farms, but neither group has definite advantage in allocating every input. Above all, there does not seem to be any inherent inefficiencies in the "voluntary sharecropping system". Share-croppers make intensive use of labour, and in the absence of gainful off-farm employment opportunities, share-cropping provides them necessary supplementary income.

Comparison of Methods for Determining Biuret in Urea

The official first action AOAC method for the spectrophotometric determination of biuret in urea, 2.072—2.074, was compared with official first action AOAC method 2.C01-2.C03 (atomic absorption spectrophotometry), 2 simplified versions of 2.072-2.074, and modified versions of 2 alternative procedures of the International Organization for Standardization. Three synthetic urea samples (0.3, 1.4, and 3.0% biuret) and 1 commercial urea sample (1.0% biuret) were analyzed. The methods proved to be equivalent and none showed a definite advantage over 2.072-2.074. The purification of biuret and the interference by ammonia are also discussed.

Epicyclic Gearing for Gas Turbine Main Propulsion

The success of epicyclic gears in marine main propulsion has been well established. Their small size and weight has led to their introduction in many types of vessel. Epicyclic gears were used in many of the very early naval gas turbine powered vessels and, indeed since then, nearly 250 gears have been supplied for use with a marinized version of the “Proteus” gas turbine. The construction of this and other gas turbine propulsion gears is discussed in some detail to illustrate the basic concepts and design of the gearing. Because of the difficulties in providing astern power in a gas turbine powered ship without the use of a C.P. propeller, there has been interest in the use of a high power reversing gear. Here epicyclic gearing shows a definite advantage over the equivalent alternatives and indeed was used in the naval vessels referred to earlier. Some of the parameters relating to large reversing epicyclic gears are described and the future role of reversing gears is discussed. The description of recently delivered merchant marine triple reduction epicyclic gears is given. The gears transmit 8200 kw from an industrial type of gas turbine and are each installed in a 45,000 tons bulk carrier. Epicyclic gears have played a significant role in the development of gas turbine ship’s propulsion and their future role is discussed in relation to present and projected requirements.