AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND GRAIN YIELD OF SORGHUM AND MAIZE HYBRIDS GROWN WITH DIFFERENT SOWING TIMES1

ABSTRACT Sorghum is a commonly grown plant in the Central-West region of Brazil as a second crop; however, it is grown almost exclusively as a second crop after maize in the state of Paraná (South region). The growth of sorghum crops is an option for areas or times in which the growth of maize crops can be risky. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of eight sorghum hybrids (ADV-123, ADV-114, 1G100, 50A10, 1G244, 50A40, 50A50, and 1G282) grown in three sowing times in two agricultural years: 2014 (February 20, March 02, and March 03) and 2015 (February 09, February 19, and March 01), and four maize hybrids in 2014 (DKB-330-Pro, P-3431-HX, Formula-TL, and AG-9010-Pro) and five maize hybrids in 2015 (DKB-330-Pro, P-3431-HX, Formula-TL, DKB-275-Pro, and DKB-290-Pro), in the same sowing times used for sorghum. A randomized complete block experimental design with a split-plot factorial arrangement was used, with the sowing times in the plots and the hybrids in the sub-plots. The variables evaluated were: number of days from sowing to flowering, leaf area index, 1,000-grain weight, grain yield, number of spikelets per panicle, for the sorghum crop; and number of rows per ear and number of grains per row, for the maize crop. The comparison between the two crops showed that the sorghum maintained higher production stability in the different sowing times.

COMPONENTES DE PRODUÇÃO DE SOJA CULTIVADA EM SEQUEIRO NO SISTEMA DE INTEGRAÇÃO LAVOURA-PECUÁRIA UTILIZANDO AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE

O crescimento da cultura da soja no país esteve sempre associado aos avanços científicos e à disponibilização de tecnologias ao setor produtivo. Assim, o trabalho objetivou avaliar as características agronômicas e a produtividade da soja semeadas em sucessão ao sistema de Integração lavoura-pecuária com forrageiras consorciadas com o milho, com ou sem a inoculação da semente com Azospirillum brasilense. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em área de sequeiro no Núcleo de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão do Unifunec. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, com quatro repetições, sendo que a soja foi semeada nos tratamentos em um ciclo completo de integração lavoura-pecuária, assim os tratamentos foram compostos pelas áreas com 4 variedades de forrageiras (MG-13 Braúna; Marandú; Mombaça e Tanzânia) consorciadas com milho, com ou sem inoculação das sementes com bactéria Azospirillum brasilense. A soja foi semeada mecanicamente no início de dezembro, utilizando-se a cultivar TMG 2165 IPRO. Foram avaliados os componentes da produção e produtividade da soja. A inoculação com A. brasilense na cultura do capim e milho antecessor à soja incrementou os componentes de produção e produtividade da soja em sucessão. Houve desdobramento da interação da forrageira dentro da modalidade de inoculação para a produtividade de soja, evidenciando um aumento quando inoculado. Com efeito da palhada dos capins e, principalmente quando do uso da bactéria fixadora antecessor à soja, houve incrementos nas características agronômicas e produtividade da soja. COMPONENTS OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION CULTIVATED IN DRYLAND IN THE INTEGRATED CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS USING AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE ABSTRACT The increase in soybean cultivation in the country has always been associated with scientific advances and the availability of technologies to the productive sector. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics and productivity of soybeans sown in a successional crop-livestock integration system with forage crops intercropped with corn, with or without inoculation of the seed with Azospirillum brasilense. The research was developed in a dryland area in the Teaching Research and Extension Center of Unifunec. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with four repetitions, and soybeans were sown in the treatments in a complete cycle of crop-livestock integration, so the treatments were composed of areas with four varieties of forage (MG-13 Brauna, Marandu, Mombasa and Tanzania) intercropped with corn, with or without inoculation of the seeds with Azospirillum brasilense bacteria. Soybeans were mechanically sown in early December, using the TMG 2165 IPRO cultivar. The production and yield components of soybean were evaluated. The inoculation with A. brasilense in the culture of grass and corn before soybean increased the components of production and productivity of soybean in succession. The interaction of forage within inoculation modality was unfolded for soybean yield, showing an increase when inoculated. With the effect of the grass stubble and especially when using the fixing bacteria before soybeans, there were increases in agronomic characteristics and productivity of soybeans. Keywords: Urochloabrizantha; Megathyrsus maximum; Crop-livestock integration; Glycine max (L.) Merril.

Quinoa for the Brazilian Cerrado: Agronomic Characteristics of Elite Genotypes under Different Water Regimes

Quinoa stands out as an excellent crop in the Cerrado region for cultivation in the off-season or irrigated winter season. Here, we tested the effects of different water regimes on the agronomic characteristics, physiology, and grain quality of different elite quinoa genotypes under field conditions. The experiment was conducted under field conditions at Embrapa Cerrados (Planaltina, DF, Brazil). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The plots were composed of 18 quinoa genotypes and modified BRS Piabiru (the currently used genotype), and the split-plots were divided into 4 different water regimes. The following variables were evaluated: productivity and productivity per unit of applied water (PUAA), plant height, flavonoids, anthocyanins, gas exchange, chlorophyll, leaf proline, and relative water content. Our results showed that water regimes between 309 and 389 mm can be recommended for quinoa in the Cerrado region. CPAC6 and CPAC13 presented the highest yield and PUAA under high and intermediate WRs, and hence were the most suitable for winter growth under irrigation. CPAC17 is most suitable for off-season growth under rainfed conditions, as it presented the highest PUAA under the low WRs (247 and 150). CPAC9 stood out in terms of accumulation of flavonoids and anthocyanins in all WRs. Physiological analyses revealed different responses of the genotypes to water restriction, together with symptoms of stress under lower water regimes. Our study reinforces the importance of detailed analyses of the relationship between productivity, physiology, and water use when choosing genotypes for planting and harvest in different seasons.

AVALIAÇÃO AGRONÔMICA DE NOVOS CLONES DE Manihot esculenta Crantz NO SEGUNDO CICLO VEGETATIVO

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características agronômicas no segundo ciclo vegetativo de novos clones de mandioca de mesa oriundos de um programa de melhoramento, nas condições edafoclimáticas do município de Santarém, Oeste do Pará. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com 13 tratamentos (novos clones de macaxeira) e três repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por 10 plantas distribuídas em duas linhas de 5 metros, com espaçamento de 1,0 x 1,0 m. Os resultados obtidos denotam que a produtividade apresentou correlação significativa e positiva com a massa de raízes comerciais (r= 0,98), massa fresca da parte aérea (r= 0,61) e diâmetro médio das raízes (r= 0,63), com destaque para o clone C5 que obteve maiores rendimentos em relação a estas características, e consequentemente apresentou maior média de produtividade 44,70 t ha-1. Em relação ao tempo de cozimento das raízes, de treze clones testados, doze materiais obtiveram tempo médio de cozimento inferior a trinta minutos, sendo classificados como tempo de cozimento bom, com destaque para o clone C11, que apresentou média de 12,30 minutos. Todos os clones avaliados apresentam características agronômicas desejáveis tornando-se promissores para o mercado do município de Santarém, no baixo Amazonas. Palavras-chave: melhoramento; baixo amazonas; produtividade; mandioca de mesa. Agronomic evaluation of new Manihot esculenta Crantz clones in the second vegetative cycle ABSTRACT: The present work aimed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics in the second vegetative cycle of new macaxeira clones from a breeding program under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the municipality of Santarém, Western Pará. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 13 treatments (new clones of cassava) and three repetitions. The plots consisted of 10 plants distributed in two rows of 5 meters, with 1.0 x 1.0 m spacing. The results show that yield was significantly and positively correlated with commercial root mass (r = 0.98), fresh shoot mass (r = 0.61) and mean root diameter (r = 0.63). highlighting clone C5 that obtained higher yields in relation to these characteristics, and consequently presented higher average yield 44.70 t ha-1. Regarding the root cooking time, of thirteen clones tested, twelve materials had an average cooking time of less than thirty minutes, being classified as good cooking time, especially clone C11, which presented an average of 12.30 minutes. All evaluated clones have desirable agronomic characteristics making them promising for the lower Amazon market. Keywords: breeding; low amazons; productivity; table cassava.

Barley varieties registered in the Slovak Republic after the harvest of 2020

The study presents results of malting quality and agronomic characteristics of the LG Verdi, LG Tosca, and Spitfire spring barley varieties that were obtained during a three-year period of testing within the state varietal trials in the Slovak Republic. Extract from the varieties was at the level from 82.9 to 84.1%. The varieties exhibited optimal and high levels of proteolytic modification (47.4 to 52.0%) and satisfactory to optimal levels of final attenuation (80.8 to 81.8%). Degradation of cell walls was high – between 86 and 96%. Beta-glucan content was at a satisfactory to optimal level of 67 to 158 mg/l. In addition, the study presents results which the Suez winter barley variety achieved in a two-year period of state varietal trials. The variety exhibited satisfactory quality of the extract level, optimal level of proteolytic modification and optimal wort composition. This variety had a slow degradation of cell walls, but its beta-glucan content was at the satisfactory level.

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (Fusarium wilt).

F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum causes significant crop losses in several of the main cotton-producing countries. The disease is widespread in the USA, the former Soviet Union (Menlikiev, 1962) and China. In Africa, Tanzania is the worst affected country (Hillocks, 1981). Although losses nationally may not be great, estimated for instance at 0.2% for the whole of the USA in 1989 (Blasingame, 1990), losses are much greater in localized areas and for individual farmers in areas where the disease is endemic. The presence of a pathogen in a field can exclude the planting of a variety with desirable agronomic characteristics (.e.g. yield) if it is susceptible to the pathogen.