scholarly journals Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (Fusarium wilt).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Isakeit
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Agronomic Characteristics ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Affected Country

Abstract F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum causes significant crop losses in several of the main cotton-producing countries. The disease is widespread in the USA, the former Soviet Union (Menlikiev, 1962) and China. In Africa, Tanzania is the worst affected country (Hillocks, 1981). Although losses nationally may not be great, estimated for instance at 0.2% for the whole of the USA in 1989 (Blasingame, 1990), losses are much greater in localized areas and for individual farmers in areas where the disease is endemic. The presence of a pathogen in a field can exclude the planting of a variety with desirable agronomic characteristics (.e.g. yield) if it is susceptible to the pathogen.

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (Fusarium wilt).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Isakeit
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Agronomic Characteristics ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Affected Country

Abstract F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum causes significant crop losses in several of the main cotton-producing countries. The disease is widespread in the USA, the former Soviet Union (Menlikiev, 1962) and China. In Africa, Tanzania is the worst affected country (Hillocks, 1981). Although losses nationally may not be great, estimated for instance at 0.2% for the whole of the USA in 1989 (Blasingame, 1990), losses are much greater in localized areas and for individual farmers in areas where the disease is endemic. The presence of a pathogen in a field can exclude the planting of a variety with desirable agronomic characteristics (.e.g. yield) if it is susceptible to the pathogen.

Does Aid Fragmentation Affects Growth: The Case of Nepal

2021 ◽  
pp. 097215092110115
Author(s):  
Kishor Sharma ◽  
Badri Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Reporting Requirements ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
India And China

Nepal’s strategic position and open border with India and China have attracted unusually high attention, particularly during the Cold War era, not only from these two large neighbours but also from European countries, the USA and the former Soviet Union. However, despite decades of aid inflows, Nepal remains one of the poorest countries. While debate over aid–growth nexus remains unsettled, our empirical results do suggest that aid fragmentation is detrimental to growth, perhaps due to increased administrative burden to manage a large number of small projects and meet reporting requirements of the donor community. While we find that aid is good for growth, attracting uncoordinated and fragmented aid without the need for assessment can, in fact, do more harm than good. These findings point to the importance of coordinated aid approach not only at the country level but also among the donor community.

Acculturation and consumer loyalty among immigrants: a cross-national study

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (9/10) ◽  
pp. 1579-1599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigal Segev ◽  
Ayalla Ruvio ◽  
Aviv Shoham ◽  
Dalia Velan
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
National Study ◽  
Cultural Transition ◽  
Consumer Loyalty ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Original Culture ◽  
Acculturation Orientation ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Culture Maintenance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of acculturation on immigrant consumers’ loyalty. The authors posit that the acculturation orientation of immigrants determines their consumer loyalty to both ethnic and mainstream brands and stores. Design/methodology/approach – Using a sample of Hispanic consumers in the USA and consumers from the former Soviet Union in Israel, this study tests a model in which two acculturation continua, original culture maintenance and host culture adaptation, serve as antecedents for immigrants’ consumer loyalty. Findings – Acculturation determines the extent of immigrants’ consumer loyalty. Both acculturation continua are associated with distinct loyalty patterns that are similar across the two immigrant groups. Research limitations/implications – Despite sampling limitations, the paper demonstrates that immigrants’ acculturation orientation influences their loyalty to ethnic and mainstream brands and stores. Shared by ethnic consumers in two culturally diverse markets, this relationship transcends geographic boundaries. Practical implications – The results provide insights for marketers with respect to the development of segmentation and positioning strategies and tactical implementations that address the preferences of ethnic consumers. Social implications – This paper highlights the importance of understanding the unique needs of ethnic consumers and addressing them. Successful integration of immigrant consumers into the marketplace can also help in their integration into the host society at large. Originality/value – Findings shed light on the commonalities and differences among immigrant groups in different national settings. The paper highlights the role of cultural transition as a key experience that affects immigrants regardless of specific environmental or situational circumstances.

scholarly journals Inverse modelling of the Chernobyl source term using atmospheric concentration and deposition measurements

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Evangeliou ◽  
Thomas Hamburger ◽  
Anne Cozic ◽  
Yves Balkanski ◽  
Andreas Stohl
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Source Term ◽  
Main Direction ◽  
Inverse Modelling ◽  
Spent Fuel ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Modelling Techniques

Abstract. The present paper describes the results of an inverse modelling study for the determination of the source term of the radionuclides 134Cs, 137Cs and 131I released after the Chernobyl accident. The accident occurred on 26 April 1986 in the Former Soviet Union and released about 1019 Bq of radioactive materials that were transported as far away as the USA and Japan. Thereafter, several attempts to assess the real magnitude of the emissions were made that were based on the knowledge of the core inventory and the levels of the spent fuel. More recently, when modelling tools were further developed, inverse modelling techniques were applied to the Chernobyl case for source term quantification. However, because radioactivity is a sensitive topic for the public and attracts a lot of attention, high quality measurements, that are essential for inverse modelling, were not made available except for a few sparse activity concentration measurements far from the source and far from the main direction of the radioactive fallout. For the first time, we apply Bayesian inversion of the Chernobyl source term using not only activity concentrations, but also deposition measurements from the most recent public dataset. These observations refer to a data rescue attempt that started more than 10 years ago, with a final goal to give such kind of measurements into anyone interested. As regards to our inverse modelling results, emissions of 134Cs were estimated to be 80 PBq or 30–50 % higher than what was previously published. From the released amount of 134Cs, about 70 PBq were deposited all over Europe. Similar to 134Cs, emissions of 137Cs were estimated as 86 PBq, in the same order with previously reported results. Finally, 131I emissions of 1365 PBq were found, which are about 10 % less than the prior total releases. The inversion pushes the injection heights of the three radionuclides to higher altitudes (up to about 3 km) than previously assumed (≈ 2.2 km) in order to better match both concentration and deposition observations over Europe. The results were of the present inversion were confirmed using an independent Eulerial model, for which deposition patterns were also improved when using the estimated posterior releases. Although the independent model tends to underestimate deposition in countries that are not in the main direction of the plume, it reproduces country levels of deposition very efficiently. The results were also tested for robustness against different set-ups of the inversion through sensitivity runs. The source term data from this study are made publically available.

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis (Fusarium wilt of alfalfa).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Samac
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
The World ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
The Usa

Abstract Fusarium oxysporum is a common soil inhabitant around the world. It is regarded as a species complex that includes non-pathogenic, plant pathogenic, and human pathogenic strains. The plant pathogens cause wilt diseases on most crop plants. F. oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis causes a fatal wilt disease on Medicago sativa, M. truncatula, and Vicia sativa. It is found throughout the USA and in Alberta, Canada. The limited reports of Fusarium wilt of alfalfa outside of these areas suggests that the pathogen is native to North America. The pathogen is potentially invasive through movement of infested soil; it is not seedborne. Infected alfalfa plants usually die several months after infection and can lead to significant stand and yield losses. Nearly all modern commercial cultivars are highly resistant or resistant to Fusarium wilt. F. oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis is not on an alert list nor is it a regulated pathogen.

scholarly journals Ongoing challenges to understanding multidrug and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in children versus adults

2020 ◽  
pp. 2002504
Author(s):  
C. Finn McQuaid ◽  
Ted Cohen ◽  
Anna S. Dean ◽  
Rein M.G.J. Houben ◽  
Gwenan M. Knight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Tuberculosis In Children ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Country Specific

Previous analyses suggest children with tuberculosis (TB) are no more or no less likely to have multidrug- or rifampicin-resistant TB (MDR/RR-TB) than adults. However, the availability of new data, particularly for high MDR/RR-TB burden countries, suggest updates of country-specific estimates are warranted.We used data from population-representative surveys and surveillance collected between 2000 and 2018 to compare the odds ratio (OR) of MDR/RR-TB among children (<15 years) with TB, compared to the odds of MDR/RR-TB among adults (≥15 years) with TB.In most settings (45/55 countries), and globally as a whole, there is no evidence that age is associated with odds of MDR/RR-TB. However, in some settings such as former Soviet Union countries in general, and Georgia, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan in particular, as well as Peru, MDR/RR-TB is positively associated with age ≥15. Meanwhile, in Western Europe in general, and the UK, Poland, Finland and Luxembourg in particular, MDR/RR-TB is positively associated with age <15. Sixteen countries had sufficient data to compare over time between 2000–2011 and 2012–2018, with evidence for decreases in the OR in children compared to adults in Germany, Kazakhstan and the USA.Our results support findings that in most settings a child with TB is as likely as an adult with TB to have MDR/RR-TB. However, setting-specific heterogeneity requires further investigation. Further, the OR for MDR/RR-TB in children compared to adults is generally either stable or decreasing. There are important gaps in detection, recording and reporting of drug resistance among paediatric TB cases, limiting our understanding of transmission risks and measures needed to combat the global TB epidemic.

scholarly journals The cost of heat waves and droughts for global crop production

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zia Mehrabi ◽  
Navin Ramankutty
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Disaster Risk Reduction ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Cumulative Production

AbstractHeat waves and droughts are a key risk to global crop production and quantifying the extent of this risk is essential for insurance assessment and disaster risk reduction. Here we estimate the cumulative production losses of six major commodity groups under both extreme heat and drought events, across 131 countries, over the time period of 1961-2014. Our results show substantial variation in national disaster risks that have hitherto gone unrecognised in regional and global average estimates. The most severe losses are represented by cereal losses in Angola (4.1%), Botswana (5.7%), USA (4.4%) and Australia (4.4%), oilcrop losses in Paraguay (5.5%), pulse losses in Angola (4.7%) and Nigeria (4.8%), and root and tuber losses in Thailand (3.2%). In monetary terms we estimate the global production loss over this period to be $237 billion US Dollars (2004-2006 baseline). The nations that incurred the largest financial hits were the USA ($116 billion), the former Soviet Union ($37 billion), India ($28 billion), China ($10.7 billion) and Australia ($8.5 billion USD). Our analysis closes an important gap in our understanding of the impacts of extreme weather events on global crop production and provides the basis for country relevant disaster risk reduction.

scholarly journals Fighting for Eurasia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
S. S. Zhiltsov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Integration Project ◽  
Post Soviet Space

Russia and non-regional States have recently shown fresh interest in the countries of the former Soviet Union. The rivalry between Russia and the United States for the post-Soviet territory, beginning after the collapse of the USSR, has broken new ground. Russia considers the post-Soviet space as an area of vital interests. Economic and political relations with its neighbors, the internal political situation in the former Soviet Republics have a direct impact on the development of Russia. These determinants can explain the renewed interest in Eurasian integration and an integration project — the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). However, the USA hardly welcomes such aspirations of Russia and the support for the integration project on the part of some post-Soviet countries. The American side has no interest in the newly emerging regional centers of influence in the post-Soviet space, regarding this as a threat to its interests. Countering the development of Eurasian integration and strengthening the EAEU influence is the focus of US policy in this regard. The EAEU member countries are consistently taking steps to develop integration despite obstacles from the West. The long-term objectives, defined in various documents by the countries, should put them on a new path of economic cooperation. Eurasian integration faces a number of difficulties along with the successes, achieved since the creation of the EAEU. The world economy problems, in addition to internal ones, exert a considerable influence. They intensified after the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic, which negatively affected the development of the EAEU countries. The internal political problems faced by the EAEU countries adversely affect integration. The internal political crisis in Belarus, beginning in the later 2020, the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh, worsened internal political struggle in Armenia and Kyrgyzstan are the factors that influenced the work of the EAEU last year and early 2021. Nevertheless, economic difficulties and political events in specific countries, the pursuit of non-regional states to influence the elites of the former Soviet states have not altered the foreign policy priorities of the EAEU member states.

scholarly journals Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis (Fusarium wilt of alfalfa).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Samac
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
The World ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
The Usa

Abstract Fusarium oxysporum is a common soil inhabitant around the world. It is regarded as a species complex that includes non-pathogenic, plant pathogenic, and human pathogenic strains. The plant pathogens cause wilt diseases on most crop plants. F. oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis causes a fatal wilt disease on Medicago sativa, M. truncatula, and Vicia sativa. It is found throughout the USA and in Alberta, Canada. The limited reports of Fusarium wilt of alfalfa outside of these areas suggests that the pathogen is native to North America. The pathogen is potentially invasive through movement of infested soil; it is not seedborne. Infected alfalfa plants usually die several months after infection and can lead to significant stand and yield losses. Nearly all modern commercial cultivars are highly resistant or resistant to Fusarium wilt. F. oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis is not on an alert list nor is it a regulated pathogen.

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