REPRESENTATION OF THE CONCEPT SCIENCE IN THE STORY “ROADSIDE PICNIC” BY ARKADY AND BORIS STRUGATSKY

Введение. Дана репрезентация индивидуально-авторского концепта НАУКА в художественном тексте, относящемуся к научно-фантастическому дискурсу. Представлено соотношение понятий «лингвокультурный концепт», «художественный концепт» и «индивидуально-авторский концепт». Обоснована ключевая роль компонента «наука» для выражения сути жанра научной фантастики. Описаны различные методики репрезентации лингвокультурного и индивидуально-авторского концептов, реализованных в художественном тексте. Материал и методы. Материалом исследования послужила повесть «Пикник на обочине» Аркадия и Бориса Стругацких – ярких представителей жанра научной фантастики. Методологическая основа работы – это существующие в лингвокультурологии подходы, согласно которым лингвокультурный концепт, преобразованный автором в соответствии с его собственным восприятием действительности, репрезентируется посредством языка в художественном тексте в виде художественного (индивидуально-авторского) концепта. Методика описания лингвокультурных концептов З. Д. Поповой и И. А. Стернина, использованная в исследовании, включает этимологический и дефиниционный анализ имени концепта, выявление синонимов имени концепта, анализ паремий и фразеологизмов, содержащих имя концепта, ассоциативный эксперимент. Для репрезентации лингвокультурного концепта НАУКА применялись лексикографические источники – общелингвистические и специализированные словари русского языка. Результаты и обсуждение. Выстроена структура содержания лингвокультурного концепта НАУКА в русском языке, включая его понятийную и ценностную части. Репрезентирован индивидуально-авторский концепт НАУКА, вербализованный в художественном тексте повести А. и Б. Стругацких. Проведен сопоставительный анализ содержания лингвокультурного концепта НАУКА и одноименного индивидуально-авторского концепта. Заключение. Индивидуально-авторский концепт НАУКА, репрезентированный в повести «Пикник на обочине», отличается от одноименного лингвокультурного концепта по содержанию номинативного поля: ядерной зоной здесь стала «работа, род занятий, профессия», появился новый признак «объекты научного исследования», который привносит дополнительный смысл: научное познание – это не только рациональное следование законам, но и нечто интуитивное, иногда иррациональное. Оценочная часть индивидуально-авторского концепта отражает романтическое, эмоциональное представление братьев Стругацких о науке как о важнейшей профессиональной деятельности. Introduction. The article describes how the author’s individual concept SCIENCE is represented in a science fiction book “Roadside Picnic” written by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. The introduction correlates the concepts of “linguocultural concept”, “literary concept” and “author’s individual concept”, substantiates the key role of the component «science» in expressing the essence of the science fiction genre, describes various methods of representing the linguocultural concept and the author’s individual concept, implemented in the literary text. Aim and objectives. The article aims at the representation of the author’s individual concept SCIENCE in a literary text belonging to science fiction discourse. Material and methods. The material for this research is the story “Roadside Picnic” written by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky in the genre of science fiction. The methodological basis of the research is represented by existing cultural linguistic approaches, according to which the linguocultural concept, transformed by the author in accordance with his/her own perception of reality, is represented by means of language in a literary text in the form of a literary (author’s individual) concept. The methodology for describing linguocultural concepts by Z. D. Popova and I. A. Sternin, which is used in this work, includes: etymological and definitional analysis of the concept name, identifying synonyms for the concept name, analysis of paremias and aphorisms, which include the name of the concept, associative experiment, frequency analysis, etc. To represent the linguocultural concept SCIENCE, general linguistic and specialized dictionaries of the Russian language were used. Results and discussion. As a result of the research we have built the structure of the content of the linguocultural concept of SCIENCE in the Russian language, including its conceptual and value parts; have represented the author’s individual concept of SCIENCE, verbalized in the literary text of the Strugatsky story and have carried out a comparative analysis of the content of the linguocultural concept of SCIENCE and the same-name author’s individual concept. Conclusion. It is concluded that the individual author’s concept SCIENCE, represented in the story “Roadside Picnic”, differs from the linguocultural concept SCIENCE in terms of the content of the nominative field: “work, occupation, profession» became the nuclear zone, and a new concept feature “objects of scientific research” appeared, bringing an additional meaning. The evaluative part of the author’s individual concept reflects the Strugatskys’ romantic, emotional view of science as the most important professional activity.

Die Chronik des Marcellinus Comes

The Chronicle by Marcellinus was intended as a sequel to its predecessor Jerome but demonstrates marked differences concerning the underlying historiographic and narrative ideas. The text is distinctly orthodox and emphasizes both the history of salvation and pronounced panegyrics. In his praefatio, Marcellinus voices a clearly individual concept. The summa brevitas of the chronicle is substituted by long passages and the ‘chronological present tense’ by the tenses of historical narrative. Marcellinus carefully chooses ideologically striking (hitherto unnoticed) quotations both from classical authors and the Old Testament. These intertextual signals underline the author´s interpretation of the historical facts.

Loosening the Need-Concept Tie

This chapter on E. J. Craig’s genealogy of the concept of knowledge aims to bring out four attractive features of the method. First, by examining its alleged incompatibility with knowledge-first epistemology, it is shown how genealogy allows one to treat as arising separately what in reality has to arise together, so that one can isolate a concept’s practical contribution even when it could not have arisen in isolation. Second, genealogy allows one to consider a concept’s development out of prior forms that more clearly display its relation to human needs even when these prior forms could not have been realized in history, for reasons that the genealogy itself brings out. Third, genealogy reveals practical pressures driving the de-instrumentalization of concepts, the process whereby concepts shed the traces of their origins in the needs of individual concept-users. And finally, the method allows one to assess and reconcile competing accounts of concepts.

Empirical study on the effects of social network–supported group concept mapping

Social networks provide traditional concept mapping of new opportunities for concept construction with grouping, social interaction, and collaborative functions. However, little effort has been made to explore the effects of social network–supported concept mapping compared with traditional individual concept construction. This paper explores the effects of social network–supported group concept mapping (SCM) activity and compares them with the effects of individual concept mapping (ICM) activity. A platform named CoCoing.info (http://cocoing.info) is utilized to examine the SCM and ICM activities under three studies, which drove the following research questions: (1) Do map structure (i.e., propositions, hierarchies, examples, cross-links, and scores) and mapping activity (i.e., map modification period and frequency) differ between ICM and SCM in students on specialized courses? (2) Do map structure and mapping activity differ between ICM and SCM in students on general education courses? (3) What are the effects of group size on SCM? In study I, four classes are selected to ensure a strong social network learning environment control. On the basis of study I, study II extends the controlled environment within an open social networking environment with a total of 1106 SCM maps and 569 ICM maps to produce an improved overview of concept mapping. The findings of studies I and II are consistent, demonstrating that the students constructed more comprehensive concept maps and had a higher modification period and frequency with SCM than with ICM, which indicates that in a social network learning environment, SCM is favorable to ICM. Study III considers each participant’s contributions to identify an optimal group number. The results of study III indicate that groups with two to seven members perform better than larger groups. Overall, the findings demonstrate the benefits of integrating concept mapping with social networking for student learning outcomes.

The synthesis of tradition and avant-garde techniques in selected polish violin sonatas from the second half of the 20th century

The article presents four chamber violin sonatas for an instrument duo written in the 1970s and 1980s, which in their concept of form and shape combine the elements of the widely understood tradition with innovative means of composition technique. The subject for a closer analysis are the following works: • Witold Rudziński, Sonata pastorale per violino e piano forte, 1978 (PWM, Cracow 1983) • Sławomir Czarnecki, Sonate tragique für Violine und Klavier, 1982 (Tonos, Darmstadt 1988) • Jan Krenz, Sonatina for two violins, 1986 (Brevis, Poznań 1994) • Zbigniew Bargielski, Sonate für Violine und Klavier „The sonata of oblivion”,1987, autograph. Each sonata listed above renders an individual concept for combining paradigms adopted from the tradition (e.g. forms, use of quotation, expression idiom) with selected avant-garde means in sound technique, which mainly derives from the sonoristic trend. What Witold Rudziński’s Sonata pastorale per violino e piano forte draws from music tradition is the thematic character of musical thoughts, and in its sound sphere it introduces the means of mild sonoristic, maintaining a balance between them. Sławomir Czarnecki’s Sonate tragique für Violine und Klavier using the quotation from the sequence of Dies irae refers to the Late-Romantic expression to which it adds unusual methods of sound production and sonoristic middle episode. The function of these innovative means is to contrast it against dramatic expression of the piece’s outermost elements. The third discussed work, Sonatina for two violins by Jan Krenz corresponds with the neoclassical trend from the 20th century and brings out diverse elements of violin technique. It refers to the B-A-C-H sound symbol known from the past and to the variation form and combines them with more recent sound structures. The fourth composition, Sonate für Violine und Klavier by Zbigniew Bargielski, is the most innovative one in terms of its sound layer and formal concept. Its connection to the past is maintained thanks to a quotation from Chopin’s music transformed in an interesting way. The analysis of the sonatas leads to the following final conclusion: the tradition and the avant-garde in the discussed works from the postmodern period are not in opposition one against another in terms of style and aesthetics but they create complementary phenomena, in which the message drawn from tradition is given a new face.

Self-Esteem, Contagion Theory dan Suporter Persija Jakarta

This research is aiming to understand behind student motivation upon joining organization such as Jakampus UI that has a stereotype for its tendency towards violence. Within the scope of identity concept, people tends to join a group to be able to shows its identity as a person. This identity, then, become their basis for understanding their own perspective of their dignity and self-esteem. From that, this research also would like to find whether there is a connection between individual concept of self-esteem and the motivation upon joining Jakampus. This research would like to find how the student from University of Indonesia gave meaning and interpret about the supporter of Persija football club which has been attached with some kind of stereotype and the meaning of their membership inside that kind of community. The contagion theory is there to explain about the interpersonal communication process of the member of Jakampus as the effect of its self-esteem fulfilled or not. This research also use qualitative method, using the fenomenology approach. There are several findings that this research has found, which are (1) despite the rampant stereotyping from society towards supporter of Persija such as Jakampus, there is little to no effect of that stereotyping towards their motivation (2) the motivation for student to join Jakampus is to fulfill their self-esteem needs; and (3) the member of Jakampus are affected by the crowds when they are interacting within the organization. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami motivasi mahasiswa dalam bergabung dengan organisasi seperti Jakampus UI yang mana distereotipkan karena tendensinya terhadap tindakan kekerasan. Dalam konsep identitas, manusia bergabung dalam kelompok tertentu untuk bisa menunjukan identitas mereka. Identitas ini lah yang kemudian dijadikan sebagai dasar oleh dirinya sendiri dalam melihat harga diri mereka. Berangkat dari situ, penelitian ini berusaha untuk menemukan apakan ada keterkaitan antara konsep self-esteem seseorang dan motivasinya dalam bergabung dengan Jakampus. Artinya, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk bagaimana proses pemaknaan mahasiswa UI terkait dengan pendukung klub bola Persija yang memiliki stereotip tertentu dan makna dari keikutsertaan mereka dalam komunitas pendukung klub tersebut di kampus. Contagion Theory dipergunakan untuk menjelaskan mengenai komunikasi antar pribadi yang terjadi di antara anggota dari Jakampus sebagai dampak dari pemenuhan self-esteem itu terpenuhi atau tidak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan pendekatan secara fenomenologi. Ada beberapa temuan dari penelitian ini, yaitu (1) meskipun stereotip dari masyarakat terhadap pendukung Persija seperti Jakampus, sedikit bahkan tidak ada efek dari stereotyping tersebut terhadap motivasi mereka; (2) motivasi mahasiswa untuk ikut bergabung dengan Jakampus adalah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan self-esteem mereka; dan (3) anggota Jakampus terdampak dari tindakan kerumunan dalam komunikasi antar pribadi mereka ketika sedang berada di dalam organisasi tersebut.

Summative Existentials

Under certain conditions, existential sentences have readings that are not predicted and cannot be modeled, given common assumptions about the construction. For example, the sentence There could be three outcomes to this election is normally taken to express that three things could be the outcome of the election, not that it is possible that the election will have three outcomes. This article proposes the first analysis of such “summative” readings of existentials, premised on a novel semantics for cardinal determiners as counting the values of an individual concept across indices. The analysis is shown to predict the observed descriptive generalizations about summative existentials, including the highly restricted circumstances that give rise to them. The unorthodox semantics proposed for cardinals is argued to be independently motivated.