The Mass of the Central Region of the Milky way Galaxy

On the Basis of tabular values of the gravitational constant. The calculated mass of the Nucleus of the Milky Way galaxy. The numerical value of the gravitational constant is determined by the mass of the nucleus of the milky way galaxy

From mass spectral features to molecules in molecular networks: a novel workflow for untargeted metabolomics.

In the context of untargeted metabolomics, molecular networking is a popular and efficient tool which organizes and simplifies mass spectrometry fragmentation data (LC-MS/MS), by clustering ions based on a cosine similarity score. However, the nature of the ion species is rarely taken into account, causing redundancy as a single compound may be present in different forms throughout the network. Taking advantage of the presence of such redundant ions, we developed a new method named MolNotator. Using the different ion species produced by a molecule during ionization (adducts, dimers, trimers, in-source fragments), a predicted molecule node (or neutral node) is created by triangulation, and ultimately computing the associated molecule calculated mass. These neutral nodes provide researchers with several advantages. Firstly, each molecule is then represented in its ionization context, connected to all produced ions and indirectly to some coeluted compounds, thereby also highlighting unexpected widely present adduct species. Secondly, the predicted neutrals serve as anchors to merge the complementary positive and negative ionization modes into a single network. Lastly, the dereplication is improved by the use of all available ions connected to the neutral nodes, and the computed molecular masses can be used for exact mass dereplication. MolNotator is available as a Python library and was validated using the lichen database spectra acquired on an Orbitrap, computing neutral molecules for >90% of the 156 molecules in the dataset. By focusing on actual molecules instead of ions, MolNotator greatly facilitates the selection of molecules of interest.

The effect of corrosion on shear behaviour of self-consolidating concrete beams

The objectives of this research are to compare the effect of corrosion on shear behavior in particular, and the overall structural response in both NC and SCC beams in general. Twenty reinforced concrete beams were used, with ten specimens cast using normal concrete (NC), and the other ten were cast using self-consolidating concrete (SCC). The dimensions for each beam were 150mm x 220mm x 1400mm. Using accelerated corrosion through the application of a constant current of one ampere, four stages of corrosion were established at 5%, 10%, and 20% of mass loss. Simply supported beams were loaded with two concentrated loads, and a four-point loading test was applied to the reinforced concrete (RC) beams. If (a) is the distance from the concentrated load to the reaction, and (d) is the distance from the center of the tensile flexural rebars to the top of the concrete beam, then a/d=2.5 was applied to assure the highest probability of shear failure mode. The data collected from load cell, LVDTs, corrosion crack patterns and loading cracks patterns were used to study the effects of multiple stages of corrosion on the shear behaviour of reinforced NC and SCC concrete beams. The corroded rebars were then retrieved and cleaned to compare the calculated mass loss with real mass loss. The results showed high correlation between the calculated mass loss (according to Faraday law) and real mass loss. The accelerated corrosion resulted in a corrosion crack pattern, which was documented and analyzed. In this research, the use of NC and SCC showed minor influences on failure mode, while the different states of corrosion showed a higher degree of influence on failure mode and the structural capacity of beams made from both types of concrete. The apparent changes in failure mode were associated with the increased corrosion stage.

The effect of corrosion on shear behaviour of self-consolidating concrete beams

The objectives of this research are to compare the effect of corrosion on shear behavior in particular, and the overall structural response in both NC and SCC beams in general. Twenty reinforced concrete beams were used, with ten specimens cast using normal concrete (NC), and the other ten were cast using self-consolidating concrete (SCC). The dimensions for each beam were 150mm x 220mm x 1400mm. Using accelerated corrosion through the application of a constant current of one ampere, four stages of corrosion were established at 5%, 10%, and 20% of mass loss. Simply supported beams were loaded with two concentrated loads, and a four-point loading test was applied to the reinforced concrete (RC) beams. If (a) is the distance from the concentrated load to the reaction, and (d) is the distance from the center of the tensile flexural rebars to the top of the concrete beam, then a/d=2.5 was applied to assure the highest probability of shear failure mode. The data collected from load cell, LVDTs, corrosion crack patterns and loading cracks patterns were used to study the effects of multiple stages of corrosion on the shear behaviour of reinforced NC and SCC concrete beams. The corroded rebars were then retrieved and cleaned to compare the calculated mass loss with real mass loss. The results showed high correlation between the calculated mass loss (according to Faraday law) and real mass loss. The accelerated corrosion resulted in a corrosion crack pattern, which was documented and analyzed. In this research, the use of NC and SCC showed minor influences on failure mode, while the different states of corrosion showed a higher degree of influence on failure mode and the structural capacity of beams made from both types of concrete. The apparent changes in failure mode were associated with the increased corrosion stage.

Performance Trends For Aerospikes & Supersonic Nozzles With Center-Bodies

The aim of this report is to examine performance trends for Aerospikes and Supersonic nozzles with center – bodies. The initial case that was tested is a convergent – divergent conical nozzle with a geometry and inlet flow conditions obtained from a NASA technical note. The technical note mentions that air was used as the working fluid for the nozzle. This case served as the base case for comparison with the performance of later nozzle designs. Nozzle flow for all the cases that were tested was simulated using ANSYS Fluent, for ambient conditions at 20km standard atmosphere. The convergent – divergent conical nozzle has the following calculated performance parameters using results from ANSYS Fluent: mass flow rate of 9.660 kg/s, axial Thrust of 10,583.5 N, and a specific impulse of 111.7s. All of the Supersonic nozzles with center – bodies have calculated specific impulse values lower than 111.7s by 0.4 – 1.6s, for approximately the same calculated mass flow rates as the base case. Adding a center – body to the original conical nozzle, was simply detrimental to performance. With regards to the Aerospike nozzles, 18 of them were tested. Aerospike 18 has the highest calculated specific impulse, at 115.3s for a calculated mass flow rate of 9.671kg/s. Aerospike 13 came in second at 114.6s, for a calculated mass flow rate of 9.676 kg/s. Several of the Aerospike designs did not out-perform the base case in terms of specific impulse. For those Aerospikes, the convergent – divergent section had a significantly lower thrust than the base case and the center – body was not able to over-compensate for the lower thrust. This report also looks at trends in thrust contribution by the convergent – divergent sections and center – bodies of Aerospikes at different nozzle geometries. The working fluid for all the cases tested in ANSYS Fluent including the base case, is air at a ratio of specific heats equal to 1.4.

Performance Trends For Aerospikes & Supersonic Nozzles With Center-Bodies

The aim of this report is to examine performance trends for Aerospikes and Supersonic nozzles with center – bodies. The initial case that was tested is a convergent – divergent conical nozzle with a geometry and inlet flow conditions obtained from a NASA technical note. The technical note mentions that air was used as the working fluid for the nozzle. This case served as the base case for comparison with the performance of later nozzle designs. Nozzle flow for all the cases that were tested was simulated using ANSYS Fluent, for ambient conditions at 20km standard atmosphere. The convergent – divergent conical nozzle has the following calculated performance parameters using results from ANSYS Fluent: mass flow rate of 9.660 kg/s, axial Thrust of 10,583.5 N, and a specific impulse of 111.7s. All of the Supersonic nozzles with center – bodies have calculated specific impulse values lower than 111.7s by 0.4 – 1.6s, for approximately the same calculated mass flow rates as the base case. Adding a center – body to the original conical nozzle, was simply detrimental to performance. With regards to the Aerospike nozzles, 18 of them were tested. Aerospike 18 has the highest calculated specific impulse, at 115.3s for a calculated mass flow rate of 9.671kg/s. Aerospike 13 came in second at 114.6s, for a calculated mass flow rate of 9.676 kg/s. Several of the Aerospike designs did not out-perform the base case in terms of specific impulse. For those Aerospikes, the convergent – divergent section had a significantly lower thrust than the base case and the center – body was not able to over-compensate for the lower thrust. This report also looks at trends in thrust contribution by the convergent – divergent sections and center – bodies of Aerospikes at different nozzle geometries. The working fluid for all the cases tested in ANSYS Fluent including the base case, is air at a ratio of specific heats equal to 1.4.

Mass Balance of Austre Grønfjordbreen, Svalbard, 2006–2020, Estimated by Glaciological, Geodetic and Modeling Aproaches

Glacier mass balance measurements, reconstructions and modeling are the precondition for assessing glacier sensitivity to regional climatic fluctuations. This paper presents new glaciological and geodetic mass balance data of Austre Grønfjordbreen located in the western part of Nordenskiöld Land in Central Spitsbergen. The average annual mass balance from 2014 to 2019 was −1.59 m w.e. The geodetic mass balance from 2008 to 2017 was −1.34 m w.e. The mass balance was also reconstructed by the temperature-index model from 2006 to 2020 and by spatially-distributed energy-balance models for 2011–2015 and 2019. We found a cumulative mass balance of −21.62 m w.e. over 2006–2020. The calculated mass-balance sensitivity to temperature was −1.04 m w.e. °C−1, which corresponds to the highest glacier mass balance sensitivity among Svalbard glaciers. Sensitivity to precipitation change was 0.10 m w.e. for a 10% increase in precipitation throughout the balance year. Comparing the results of the current study with other glacier mass balance assessments in Svalbard, we found that Austre Grønfjordbreen loses mass most rapidly due to its location, which is mostly influenced by the warm West Spitsbergen Current, small area and low elevation range.

Fuzzy C-means measurement of mass base on image features

Mass of an object is an important characteristic for quality assessment. However, in some cases, it is hard to measure the mass of objects with instruments directly. In this paper, we proposed a novel method based on Fuzzy c-means (FCM) to measure the mass of an object by analyzing the deformation degree in a grid pattern. In the spatial field, thin plate spline (TPS) algorithm was adopted to calculate the minimum deformation bending energy in order to give a quantitative analysis of the weight; In frequency domain, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm was used to calculate the spectrum within a deformation frequency area before and after the change of grids, from which the relationship between weight and spectrum was investigated using FCM algorithm. Two different equations evaluated by the above two methods were proposed in order to calculate the mass of an object. Both of them showed a high level of explanatory power of R2 (R2 = 0.9833 and R2 = 0.9698, respectively). The equations were then used to determine the estimated mass. Estimated and measured values were plotted against each other. A high correlation (R2 = 0.9833 and R2 = 0.9698, respectively) was found between actual and calculated mass. Finally, Bland-Altman plot was introduced to access the agreement of the calculated mass and the actual mass. The average bias was –54.408 g and –0.007 g for spatial domain method and frequency domain method, respectively. Theoretical analysis and experiments were performed to verify the effectiveness of our approaches.

Study of the process of neutralization of bromine – containing phthalate-type systems

The features of the final stages of the process of obtaining bromine-containing phthalate-type systems are considered. The factors that influence the quality of the target product were identified and the experiment plan was developed and implemented. As factors affecting the process, the following are selected: a – temperature, K; B – duration of neutralization, h; C – mass fraction of the neutralizing agent, %; D-the ratio of the used mass of the neutralizing agent to its calculated mass by the acid number of the reaction mass. The curves describing the dependence of the response function on various factors are processed using a graphical editor. The obtained curves are analyzed, indicating the presence of extremes and inflection points corresponding to the minimum acid number. Comparison of calculated and experimental data showed that the error of the result obtained by the regression equation is no more than 10%. Using balance calculations, it is established that the implementation of the process of neutralization of bromine-containing phthalate-type systems without a solvent will reduce losses by 3–5 times. Optimal conditions were found to ensure a low acid number of the target product after neutralization: the neutralization temperature is 315 K, the duration of neutralization is 0.5 h, the concentration of potassium hydroxide in an aqueous solution is 11 wt.%, the excess of the neutralizing agent per mol of the calculated 2.44 mol/mol. It is proved that conducting the process without solvents has a positive impact on both technological and economic indicators.the ralizing agent per mol is estimated at 2.44 mol/mol.

NITROGEN INFLUENCE ON THE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF THIN Ti-O-N FILMS DEPOSITED BY REACTIVE MAGNETRON SPUTTERING

The electrochemical and gravimetric methods were used to study the effect of nitrogen using in the reaction mixture during magnetron deposition on the Ti-O-N films corrosion-electrochemical behavior. Polarization studies of the films electrochemical dissolution in aque-ous solution of 3 % NaCl in a potentiostatic mode are presented. It was found that upon dis-solution of the films, passivation, activation, and passivation of the coating surface are ob-served, associated with the formation of oxide films and titanium chlorides on the sample sur-face. It has been proved that thin films obtained with a high nitrogen content exhibit higher corrosion resistance. In this work, the following corrosion parameters were calculated: mass, depth and current indicators.