APPLICATION OF FUZZY TOPSIS MODEL FOR CONTAINER PORT SELECTION CONSIDERING ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Container ships are the type of ships that produce the most emissions in maritime transport. In container transportation not only in navigation but also at container ports, a lot of emissions are formed. Ports are generally close by and highly interacted with the inner parts of the city, the impacts of the gas emissions are quite high on people. The study investigated port selection criteria, in terms of cost, efficiency and especially in terms of environmental impacts in order to create awareness. Container port selection problem was solved using fuzzy TOPSIS (The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Situation) method considering the perspective of carriers. In the study, the container port selection was carried out among the four largest container ports in Turkey.

Inner Rotation of Pickering Janus Emulsions

Janus droplets were prepared by vortex mixing of three non-mixable liquids, i.e., olive oil, silicone oil and water, in the presence of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the aqueous phase and magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) in the olive oil. The resulting Pickering emulsions were stabilized by a red-colored AuNP layer at the olive oil/water interface and MNPs at the oil/oil interface. The core–shell droplets can be stimulated by an external magnetic field. Surprisingly, an inner rotation of the silicon droplet is observed when MNPs are fixed at the inner silicon droplet interface. This is the first example of a controlled movement of the inner parts of complex double emulsions by magnetic manipulation via interfacially confined magnetic nanoparticles.

Rapid freezing of saturated clays under large thermal gradients

This study investigates the rapid freezing behavior of saturated clays under large thermal gradients. Although the freezing characteristics of soils under natural/low thermal gradients such as ice lens formation and water migration have been extensively studied, the freezing of a saturated soil under a large thermal gradient is not understood. This study presents rapid freezing tests to examine the freezing behavior of saturated fine-grained soils in a closed system under large thermal gradients using liquid nitrogen (LN). Temperatures are measured inside specimens during freezing and micro-CT visualized internally after freezing. Results show that large thermal gradients develop near the surfaces of specimens upon their submersion in LN. The specimens freeze homogeneously, and no visible ice lenses form, owing to the insufficient time for water migration and ice segregation under rapid freezing. The specimens fracture and split into major pieces, under no confining stresses in this study; freezing first occurs near the boundaries, and the freezing front propagates inward, creating temporal, differential volume changes between the outer and inner parts of the specimens, which leads to fractures in the unconfined state. The fractures affect subsequent temperature propagation and thermal gradients.

Creativity in Seventeenth-Century Music

The early modern period witnessed important societal shifts that eventually affected both the employment status of professional musicians and their creative approaches. Throughout the seventeenth century, however, most composition continued to be carried out by musicians employed within the traditional patronage system according to long-established creative principles often unfamiliar to us today. Apprentice composers learned by modeling new pieces on preexisting works by esteemed authority figures and through improvisation techniques, using standard formulae as building blocks. Both this improvisatory foundation and the simple melody-plus-bass style of many genres meant that notation was frequently unnecessary in the initial creative stages—although erasable materials were sometimes used by inexperienced composers and for complex, erudite music—and there was no direct relationship between the creation of a notated source and stages in the compositional process. Creativity was also frequently a collaborative endeavor, involving numerous contributors: the named composer might compose only the core melody and bass, with inner parts either provided by musicians employed to “set” the composition for the required ensemble or filled in by a continuo player. It was also a graduated process, with works often being subjected to successive bouts of reworking by multiple musicians, not only revising and adapting the music to suit new performing contexts but also making changes as a matter of course, in a process of “serial recomposition.” The result was a creative culture in which works were in a constant state of flux, as they were perpetually renewed and reinvigorated by a multilayered creative community.

Unique traditional villages on the Loess Plateau of China: historic evolution and challenges to sustainable development of silo-caves

Silo-cave is a unique human habitation form on the Loess Plateau in northern China, which consists of an excavated 6–7 m deep pit as the courtyard and cave dwellings in the surrounding four walls. This architecture has had a history of more than 7000 years, and yet such “living fossils for the history of dwellings” are now facing great crises and challenges during rapid social and economic development. In this paper, remote sensing and GIS techniques are used to comprehensively and systematically investigate the spatial distributions and morphological characteristics of silo-caves at both the macro and micro scales. The research shows that silo-cave villages are mainly distributed in economically underdeveloped areas, such as West Henan (Yuxi), South Shanxi (Jinnan), Central Shaanxi (Guanzhong), and East Gansu (Longdong). The morphological evolution patterns of typical silo-cave villages are identified, including: (1) retaining the periphery and rebuilding the inner parts of the villages, (2) retaining the inner parts and expanding the periphery of the villages, and (3) rebuilding the inner parts and expanding the periphery of the villages. These patterns are demonstrated to be influenced by many factors, including landforms, traffic conditions, economic development, population growth, and administrative division adjustment. Sustainable development of these traditional silo-cave villages relies on administrative policy and planning, people’s awareness of cultural heritage protection, culture inheritance, industrial transformation, and public services.

Effects of non-vanishing dark matter pressure in the Milky Way Galaxy

ABSTRACT We consider the possibility that the Milky Way’s dark matter halo possesses a non-vanishing equation of state. Consequently, we evaluate the contribution due to the speed of sound, assuming that the dark matter content of the galaxy behaves like a fluid with pressure. In particular, we model the dark matter distribution via an exponential sphere profile in the galactic core, and inner parts of the galaxy whereas we compare the exponential sphere with three widely used profiles for the halo, i.e. the Einasto, Burkert and Isothermal profile. For the galactic core, we also compare the effects due to a dark matter distribution without black hole with the case of a supermassive black hole in vacuum and show that present observations are unable to distinguish them. Finally we investigate the expected experimental signature provided by gravitational lensing due to the presence of dark matter in the core.

Zooming in on the place of rocky planet formation: infrared interferometric observations of protoplanetary disks

<div>Spatially resolved observations from ALMA or direct imaging instruments revealed an extreme diversity and complexity of structures and substructures in the outer parts of protoplanetary disks.</div> <div>However, these techniques do not resolve the inner regions of protoplanetary disks, typically at less than 5 astronomical units from the star.</div> <div>These inner regions are crucial to understand the formation of telluric planets.</div> <div>They are also the theatre of strong interactions between the star and the disk that can influence planet formation.</div> <div>Thanks to infrared interferometry we can reach an angular resolution of ~1mas reaching sub-astronomical unit physical scales.</div> <div>We can, therefore use infrared interferometry to reveal and study the structure, composition, and dynamics of the inner parts of protoplanetary disks.</div> <div>In the past few years, the advent of infrared interferometers combining four telescopes such as PIONIER, MATISSE or GRAVITY enabled us to study these disks with an unprecedented detail.</div> <div>In this talk, I will review the recent results of near and mid-infrared interferometric observations of protoplanetary disks.</div>

Effectiveness of Face Masks in Blocking the Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a Preliminary Evaluation of Masks Used by SARS-CoV-2-Infected Individuals

In 2019, a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is trans-mitted via airborne route, caused a new pandemic namely, 'coronavirus disease 2019' (COVID-19). Although it is still debated whether the use of masks can prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, no study has evaluated the virus-blocking efficacy of masks used by patients. We aimed to evaluate this efficacy of masks used by SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. Data, masks used, and nasopharyngeal swab samples were obtained from these patients. Forty-five paired samples of nasopharyngeal swabs and masks were obtained and processed; the majority of masks were woven. Viral RNAs were amplified using quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and detected only on the inner parts of masks. Median cycle threshold (CT) values of swabs and masks were 28.41 and 37.95, respectively. Statistically, there was a difference of ap-proximately 10 CT values between swabs and masks and no significant difference in CT values among different types of masks. There were statistically significant differences in CT values be-tween men and women and symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Our findings suggest the blocking of the transmission of the virus by different types of masks and reinforce the use of masks by both infected and non-infected individuals.

PRINCIPLES OF MANUFACTURE OF INSERTED INSOLES WITH HEATING FOR WARMED SHOES

To date there are several ways to insulate shoes. Among them: the use of quality leather raw materials for the outer parts of the upper and natural fur for the inner parts of the upper of the shoe; application of insert insoles from heat-insulating foil; use of special insoles with a heating element Successful solution of the problem of heating the feet with the help of special insoles will diversify the range of shoes for the cold season, namely shoes for children, military, the elderly, people with impaired blood circulation in the vessels, hunters, fishermen and athletes. Currently, there are many imported thermal insoles on the footwear market, the prices of which are often too high for the average Ukrainian buyer. Therefore, it will be appropriate to make Ukrainian shoes of good design and good quality with special insert insoles at lower prices to meet the consumer needs of our consumers. It will also be possible to make only thermal insoles, which can be inserted into any shoe. Therefore, the topic of this scientific article is very relevant. The article analyzes all existing methods of heating the foot in warm shoes, considers the types of available insoles with heating. Such types of insole heating as chemical and mechanical are considered. Based on previously obtained experimental data, calculations were performed, based on which the required diameter of the wire to be used for heating the insoles was determined. The principles of production of insoles with a heating element which will be used for heating of feet in the cold period of the year are stated. An inexpensive foot heater has been developed, namely, an insole with a heating element made of wire cantaloupe A-1 with a diameter of 0.46 mm, which can be activated from absolutely any type of battery, from laptops, Powerbank, etc.

Turbulence Upstream and Downstream of Interplanetary Shocks

The paper reviews the interaction of collisionless interplanetary (IP) shocks with the turbulent solar wind. The coexistence of shocks and turbulence plays an important role in understanding the acceleration of particles via Fermi acceleration mechanisms, the geoeffectiveness of highly disturbed sheaths following IP shocks and, among others, the nature of the fluctuations themselves. Although our knowledge of physics of upstream and downstream shock regions has been greatly improved in recent years, many aspects of the IP-shock/turbulence interaction are still poorly known, for example, the nature of turbulence, its characteristics on spatial and temporal scales, how it decays, its relation to shock passage and others. We discuss properties of fluctuations ahead (upstream) and behind (downstream) of IP shock fronts with the focus on observations. Some of the key characteristics of the upstream/downstream transition are 1) enhancement of the power in the inertial range fluctuations of the velocity, magnetic field and density is roughly one order of magnitude, 2) downstream fluctuations are always more compressible than the upstream fluctuations, and 3) energy in the inertial range fluctuations is kept constant for a significant time after the passage of the shock. In this paper, we emphasize that–for one point measurements–the downstream region should be viewed as an evolutionary record of the IP shock propagation through the plasma. Simultaneous measurements of the recently launched spacecraft probing inner parts of the Solar System will hopefully shed light on some of these questions.