Pushing the Boundaries: A Tentative Taxonomy of Money in New Zealand Private Law

This article seeks to define the boundaries of money in the context of proprietary taxonomy in New Zealand. It suggests that the traditional legal concept of money exclusively based on state issued (fiat) currency is dated, as does not accommodate the near-universal use of bank money in commercial transactions, nor the recent technological changes introduced by virtual currencies. As long as something functions as a means of payment and the holder has the right to exchange it for legal tender, the divide between mutually agreed payment obligations into those made on the base of fiat currencies and those not, becomes artificial. In providing responses to similar commercial arrangements and parties' legitimate expectations, not only coins and banknotes, but also balances held by customers in banking institutions, foreign money, and digital currencies, should qualify as money for private law purposes.

Lawful Sequence of Events and Cryptocurrency Anomalies: An Empirical Investigation

The structural variations related to legal tender of cryptocurrencies operating across the world markets has been instable since their inception. There have been many changes incorporated for their status to be recognized as a legal financial instrument for investment purposes over the virtual financial markets. The concept of anomalies associated with the popular efficient market hypotheses given by Eugene Fama existed for Bitcoin and few other cryptocurrencies over a period of time. The present work attempts to contribute to the existing literature on cryptocurrency studies. A focused investigation has been carried for cryptocurrencies to find different behaviour of returns on these currencies over a varied response from various countries with respect to their permissible manoeuvres. The study has used independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA and dummy regression analysis to examine the day of the week effect for a time period between 2014–2020 split into multiple sub-periods. Anomalies have been found for cryptocurrencies across multiple sub-periods with varied magnitude.

Impact of 2016th-year Demonetization on Banks in India

Demonetization is a monetary step in which a particular series of banknotes render invalid either by the government or by issuing authority of the nation to eliminate the undeclared income. It is a process in which certain units of currency notes will not be remains as legal tender. On November 8, 2016, government demonetize old ? 500 and ?1000 banknotes which were 86% (15.41) trillion in total circulation to curb the black money, wipe off the fake currency, and make a halt in corruption. This move shook all the corners of the economy in which the banking sector was significantly affected. It gave a positive impact on the financial statements of banks, as the deposits were increased, the net earnings of the bank were also increase. Therefore, the study has been conducted to throw the light on the impact of demonetization on banks, primary data have been collected for the of Pre and Post demonetization period.

The wild card: colonial paper money in French North America, 1685 to 1719

We use the first French experiment with playing card money in its colony of Quebec between 1685 and 1719 to illustrate the link between legal tender restrictions and the price level. Initially, the quantity of playing card money and the government’s poor fiscal condition appears to have had little effect on prices. After 1705, however, the playing card money became inflationary. We argue that this was caused by the government’s increased enforcement of the legal tender laws and the adoption of a redemption plan intended to remove the notes from circulation.

Penerapan Pasal 33 Ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2011 Tentang Mata Uang di Maluku

Penolakan mata uang sangat sering ditemui terutama di Kota Ambon Provinsi Maluku, dan apabila masyarakat tidak mau menerima atau menolak uang pecahan koin tersebut, maka akan terjadi pelanggaran hukum sesuai dengan pasal 33 ayat (2). Dalam penelitian ini metode yang digunakan adalah yuridis empiris yang dengan kata lain adalah jenis penelitian hukum sosiologi dan dapat disebut pula dengan penelitian lapangan, yaitu mengkaji ketentuan hukum yang berlaku serta apa yang terjadi dalam kenyataannya di masyarakat. Legal tender pada prinsipnya adalah sebuah ketentuan hukum yang menyatakan bahwa suatu alat pembayaran dapat diterima secara umum sebagai alat pembayaran yang sah secara hukum dan tidak dapat ditolak sebagai alat pembayaran. Dalam menangani masalah-masalah dalam penegakan hukum pidana yang terjadi dalam masyarakat dapat dilakukan secara penal (hukum pidana) dan non penal (tanpa menggunakan hukum pidana). Untuk mencegah praktek penolakan pembayaran dengan mata uang rupiah, dalam ilmu hukum pidana dikenal ada dua cara atau usaha kepada kepolisian dan Bank Indonesia kantor perwakilan maluku untuk menanggulangi kejahatan atau pelanggaran yaitu upaya preventif (mencegah sebelum terjadinya kejahatan) dan upaya represif (usaha sesuda terjadinya kejahatan).

Nigerian cryptocurrency curbs will not stem their use

Significance The CBN has previously warned banks against cryptocurrency transactions, arguing cryptocurrencies are not legal tender in Nigeria and create risks due to their volatility and potential use in money laundering and terrorism financing. Unofficially, the decision reflects the CBN’s desire to maintain control over scarce forex supply and its official exchange rates. Impacts Remittances may increase through official channels briefly but this will ease once peer-to-peer cryptocurrency transfers become more common. Cryptocurrencies could increasingly be used to bypass official forex controls, further pressuring the CBN over its exchange rate policies. The CBN's stance could see shadow cryptocurrency markets emerge, creating the very problems the CBN claims to be trying to counter.

Part I Financial Markets, 3 UK Central Banking and Financial Stability

This chapter talks about the Bank of England as the UK's central bank, which was established in 1694 by a Charter granted by King William III and Queen Mary II under the authority of an Act of Parliament. It explains the principal object of the Act in creating the Bank as a vehicle for raising money for the government. It also discusses how the Bank was closely associated with the raising and management of the national debt since its inception, which is a function that the Bank retained until the creation of the UK Debt Management Office (DMO) in 1998. This chapter highlights how the Bank raised money by issuing of banknotes, which became widely used as a convenient means of making large—value payments. It points out that the Bank of England notes were not formally legal tender until 1833.

Impact of Demonetization on the Various Sectors of Indian Economy

Demonetisation is an act of cancelling the legal tender status of a currency unit. It is a process when the government pulled out a unit of currency from the total circulation of the economy. The concept of demonetisation is not new, at first French used demonetisation then after most of the countries has adopted demonetisation to clean up the economy from corruption and inflation. India has adopted demonetisation three times: At first in January 1946 when RBI demonetised Rs. 1000 and Rs. 10000 currency notes. and again in 1978 by Moraji Desai of Rs. 1000, 5000, 10000 banknotes were demonetised and both demonetisation were held to eradicate black money. But the term Demonetisation became familiar on 8 November 2016 when P.M. Mr Narendra Damodar Das Modi announced Rs.500 and Rs.1000 currency notes will be no longer as legal tender status from the past midnight to unearth the corruption, black money and terror funding. Therefore this research paper is an attempt to throw the light on effect of demonetisation launched by NDA Government.