Composition of Sexual Fluids in Cycas revoluta Ovules During Pollination and Fertilization

The composition of fluids that mediate fertilization in cycads is described for the first time. Using tandem mass spectrometry, proteomes of two stages of fluid production, megagametophyte fluid and archegonial chamber fluid production, are compared in Cycas revoluta. These were compared with the proteome of another sexual fluid produced by ovules, the pollination drop proteins. Cycad ovules produce complex liquids immediately prior fertilization. Compared with the pollination drops that mainly had few proteins in classes involved in defense and carbohydrate modification, megagametophyte fluid and archegonial chamber fluid had larger proteomes with many more protein classes, e.g. proteins involved in programmed cell death. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, megagametophyte fluid and archegonial chamber fluid were shown to have elevated concentrations of smaller molecular weight molecules including glucose, pectin and glutamic acid. Compared to megagametophyte fluid, archegonial chamber fluid had elevated pH as well as higher osmolality.

Water cut forecast after downhole pumping equipment optimization based on displacement characteristics

The article deals with the issue of water cut predicting when downhole pumping equipment optimizing. In practice, an expert assessment of this parameter is used as a rule, which does not take into account the degree of planned optimization relative to the current mode. The paper proposes a methodology allowing taking into account the dynamics of planned fluid withdrawals in predicting water cut based on displacement characteristics. To solve the described problem, four characteristics were selected with a certain type of statistical dependence, where, in one part of the equation, fluid withdrawals do not depend on oil withdrawals. This allows, by setting different values of fluid production, to predict oil production and water cut at any time period. On the example of deposits of one of the regions of the Ural-Volga region, the most suitable for certain geological conditions displacement characteristics were determined. Look back analysis shows a high degree of convergence between the calculated and actual water cut indicators – the average absolute deviation is 1.9%, which allows forecasting with sufficient accuracy. Keywords: oil fields development; production stimulation; displacement characteristics; water cut.

Testing and Validation of Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pump for Benchtop Pulsating Flow Model of Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Other Physiologic Systems

Background: The flow of physiologic fluids through organs and organs systems is an integral component of their function. The complex fluid dynamics in many organ systems are still not completely understood, and in-vivo measurements of flow rates and pressure provide a testament to the complexity of each flow system. Variability in in-vivo measurements and the lack of control over flow characteristics leave a lot to be desired for testing and evaluation of current modes of treatments as well as future innovations. In-vitro models are particularly ideal for studying neurological conditions such as hydrocephalus due to their complex pathophysiology and interactions with therapeutic measures. The following aims to present the reciprocating positive displacement pump, capable of inducing pulsating flow of a defined volume at a controlled beat rate and amplitude. While the other fluidic applications of the pump are currently under investigation, this study was focused on simulating the pulsating cerebrospinal fluid production across profiles with varying parameters. Methods: Pumps were manufactured using 3D printed and injection molded parts. The pumps were powered by an Arduino-based board and proprietary software that controls the linear motion of the pumps to achieve the specified output rate at the desired pulsation rate and amplitude. A range of 0.01 to 0.7 was tested to evaluate the versatility of the pumps. The accuracy and precision of the pumps’ output were evaluated by obtaining a total of 150 one-minute weight measurements of degassed deionized water per output rate across 15 pump channels. In addition, nine experiments were performed to evaluate the pumps’ control over pulsation rate and amplitude. Results: volumetric analysis of a total of 1200 readings determined that the pumps achieved the target output volume rate with a mean absolute error of -0.001034283 across the specified domain. It was also determined that the pumps can maintain pulsatile flow at a user-specified beat rate and amplitude. Conclusion: The validation of this reciprocating positive displacement pump system allows for the future validation of novel designs to components used to treat hydrocephalus and other physiologic models involving pulsatile flow. Based on the promising results of these experiments at simulating pulsatile CSF flow, a benchtop model of human CSF production and distribution could be achieved through the incorporation of a chamber system and a compliance component

Insights from the geological record of deformation along the subduction interface at depths of seismogenesis

Subduction interfaces are loci of interdependent seismic slip behavior, fluid flow, and mineral redistribution. Mineral redistribution leads to coupling between fluid flow and slip behavior through decreases in porosity/permeability and increases in cohesion during the interseismic period. We investigate this system from the perspective of ancient accretionary complexes with regional zones of mélange that record noncoaxial strain during underthrusting adjacent to the subduction interface. Deformation of weak mudstones is accompanied by low-grade metamorphic reactions, dissolution along scaly microfaults, and the removal of fluid-mobile chemical components, whereas stronger sandstone blocks preserve veins that contain chemical components depleted in mudstones. These observations support local diffusive mass transport from scaly fabrics to veins during interseismic viscous coupling. Underthrusting sediments record a crack porosity that fluctuates due to the interplay of cracking and precipitation. Permanent interseismic deformation involves pressure solution slip, strain hardening, and the development of new shears in undeformed material. In contrast, coseismic slip may be accommodated within observed narrow zones of cataclastic deformation at the top of many mélange terranes. A kinetic model implies interseismic changes in physical properties in less than hundreds of years, and a numerical model that couples an earthquake simulator with a fluid flow system depicts a subduction zone interface governed by feedbacks between fluid production, permeability, hydrofracturing, and aging via mineral precipitation. During an earthquake, interseismic permeability reduction is followed by coseismic rupture of low permeability seals and fluid pressure drop in the seismogenic zone. Updip of the seismogenic zone, there is a post-seismic wave of higher fluid pressure that propagates trenchward.

The EVALUATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMP WELLS THAT HAVE A HIGH PI USING VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE WITH FREQUENCY ABOVE 60HZ IN "X" FIELD "Y" WELLS (EVALUASI DAN OPTIMISASI SUMUR ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMP YANG MEMILIKI PI TINGGI DENGAN MENG

The condition of a well if it is produced continuously will cause reservoir pressure to fall, and the flow rate will also go down, as a result the productivity of the well will also decrease. For this reason, there is a need for energy that can help lift fluid up to the surface. In the primary method there are 2 stages of production, namely natural flow where oil is raised directly through the tubing surface, and artificial lift is the method of obtaining oil by using the aid of additional tools. In the oil industry there are various types of artificial lifts, one of which is an electric submersible pump (ESP). Electric Submersible Pump is an electric pump that is immersed into a liquid. This pump is made on the basis of a multilevel centrifugal pump where each level has an impeller and iffuser which aims to push the fluid to the surface. ESP planning is strongly influenced by the roductivity of production wells. The rate of fluid production influences the selection of pump type and size. This is because each pump has its own production rate based on the type and size of each pump used. In the course of producing oil, there will certainly be a problem that will cause a decline in production, therefore it is necessary to evaluate and redesign the ESP pump, in an effort to optimize the production potential of these wells. In this study an evaluation of the performance of the electrical submersible pump will be carried out and a pump redesigned to optimize production using AutographPC software on the well X in the field Y Kondisi suatu sumur jika diproduksikan terus-menerus akan mengakibatkan tekananreservoir turun, dan laju alir akan turun pula, akibatnya produktivitas sumur akan turunjuga. Untuk itu perlu adanya tenaga yang dapat membantu mengangkat fluida sampaikepermukaan. Dalam metode primer terdapat 2 tahapan produksi yaitu natural flowdimana minyak terangkat kepermukaan langsung melalu tubing, dan artificial liftmerupakan metode perolehan minyak dengan menggunakan bantuan alat tambahan.Dalam dunia perminyakan ada berbagai macam jenis pengangkatan buatan salahsatunya adalah electric submersible pump (ESP). Electric Submersibel Pump merupakan pompa listrik yang dibenamkan kedalam cairan.Pompa ini dibuat atas dasar pompa sentrifugal bertingkat banyak dimana setiap tingkatmempunyai impeller dan diffuser yang bertujuan untuk mendorong fluida kepermukaan.Perencanaan ESP sangat dipengaruhi oleh produktivitas sumur produksi. Laju produksifluida berpengaruh terhadap pemilihan jenis dan ukuran pompa. Hal ini dikarenakantiap-tiap pompa memiliki laju produksi sendiri berdasarkan jenis dan ukuran tiap- tiappompa yang dipakai. Dalam kegiatan memproduksikan minyak tentu suatu saat akan terjadi permasalahanyang mengakibatkan menurunnya produksi, Oleh karena itu perlu dilaksanakan evaluasidan design ulang pompa ESP, sebagai upaya untuk mengoptimalkan potensi produksisumur-sumur tersebut. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan evaluasi kinerja electricalsubmersible pump dan melakukan desain ulang pompa untuk optimasi produksidengan menggunakan software AutographPC pada sumur X lapangan y Kata kunci: electric submersible pump, AutographPC, laju produksi

A Computational Scheme for Evaluating the Stress Field of Thermally and Pressure Induced Unconventional Reservoir

The fluid flow connecting the hydraulic fracture and associated unconventional gas or oil reservoir is of great importance to explore such unconventional resource. The deformation of unconventional reservoir caused by heat transport and pore pressure fluctuation may change the stress field of surrounding layer. In this paper, the stress distribution around a penny-shaped reservoir, whose shape is more versatile to cover a wide variety of special case, is investigated via the numerical equivalent inclusion method. Fluid production or hydraulic injection in a subsurface resource caused by the change of pore pressure and temperature within the reservoir may be simulated with the help of the Eshelby inclusion model. By employing the approach of classical eigenstrain, a computational scheme for solving the disturbance produced by the thermally and pressure induced unconventional reservoir is coded to study the effect of Biot coefficient and some other important factors. Moreover, thermo-poro transformation strain and arbitrarily orientated reservoir existing within the surrounding layer are also considered.