AbstractCalpains are cysteine proteases expressed in skeletal muscle fibers and other
cells. Although calpain was first reported to act as a kinase activating
factor in skeletal muscle, the consensus is now that calpains play a
canonical role in protein turnover. However, recent evidence reveals new and
exciting roles for calpains in skeletal muscle. This review will discuss the
functions of calpains in skeletal muscle remodeling in response to both
exercise and inactivity-induced muscle atrophy. Calpains participate in
protein turnover and muscle remodeling by selectively cleaving target
proteins and creating fragmented proteins that can be further degraded by
other proteolytic systems. Nonetheless, an often overlooked function of
calpains is that calpain-mediated cleavage of proteins can result in
fragmented proteins that are biologically active and have the potential to
actively influence cell signaling. In this manner, calpains function beyond
their roles in protein turnover and influence downstream signaling effects.
This review will highlight both the canonical and noncanonical roles that
calpains play in skeletal muscle remodeling including sarcomere
transformation, membrane repair, triad junction formation, regulation of
excitation-contraction coupling, protein turnover, cell signaling, and
mitochondrial function. We conclude with a discussion of key unanswered
questions regarding the roles that calpains play in skeletal muscle.