STUDY OF ECONOMIC CLASS PASSENGER RATES FOR PEOPLE TRANSPORTATION TRAVEL IN NORTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE

<p>Establishing North Kalimantan as the 34^th province in Indonesia with the provincial capital located in Tanjung Selor, Bulungan Regency, has influenced the pattern of transportation used by society between regions. Previously, most people traveled to Tarakan city by sea transportation because Tarakan is an island city and has a strategic role regionally as a National Activity Center (PKN) in North Kalimantan. Since January 2020, the North Kalimantan Transportation Service has permitted public transportation routes to Perum DAMRI Tanjung Selor Branch to serve three round-trips (pp) routes, namely: Tanjung Selor-Malinau (TGS-MLN), Tanjung Selor-Tana Tidung (TJS-KTT), and Malinau-Salang (MLN-SLG). This study aims to find the ideal fare for public transportation for people on the route, taking into account the Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC), the ability and willingness to pay (ATP and WTP) of DAMRI Bus users, as well as the user's willingness to pay. Pay more or WTP from Contingency Valuation (WTP-CV) if you get better service during the trip. The current single-trip DAMRI Bus fare is IDR 150,000.00 for the TJS-MLN/MLN-TJS route, the TJS-KTT/KTT-TJS route is IDR 100,000.00, and for the MLN-SLG/SLG-MLN route of IDR 50,000.00. The results of the study based on the VOC obtained one-time trip rates for each route, respectively: IDR 135,633.21, IDR 119,046.86 and IDR 35,186.00. The respondents' ATP analysis results obtained a one-time trip fare for each route in a row: IDR 142,994.05, IDR 119.747.47 and IDR 63.750.00. Meanwhile, respondents' WTP was obtained for each route: IDR 110,519.48, IDR 94,545.45, and IDR 39,107.14. The respondents' WTP-CV values were also obtained on each route, amounting to IDR 14,675.32, IDR 11,409.09, and IDR 8,303.57. Considering the captive rider as an economy class passenger and the benefits of the DAMRI Bus operator, the proposed tariffs for each route are IDR 130,000, IDR 110,000, and IDR 48,000.</p>

Slow and Fast Charging Solutions for Li-Ion Batteries of Electric Heavy-Duty Vehicles with Fleet Management Strategies

This work presents a real-life demonstration of 23 heavy-duty (HD) public electric buses (e-buses) in Jaworzno, Poland, with three lengths: 8.9 m, 12 m, and 18 m. The e-bus demo is based on the development of baseline e-buses to optimize the operational cost based on technical optimization. The demo aims to switch public transportation from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electric ones to minimize CO2 emissions. The e-buses are equipped with standard charging solutions, which are plug-in charging with Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2, Combo 2) and pantograph-up (Type B). The CCS2 solution is used for overnight slow/normal charging (NC) in the depot of the e-bus operator, whereas the pantograph charging solutions are installed along the e-buses routes and used for fast charging (FC) when the e-buses are stopped for a short time. In Jaworzno, there are 20 chargers with CCS2 in the depot of the e-bus operator and 12 pantograph-up (Type B solution) fast-charging stations. This work studies the technical operations and operational costs of the e-bus fleet, and the impact of the NC and FC solutions on the Li-ion battery packs and on the grid. The uncoordinated/standard and coordinated charging (smart charging) based on load shifting were investigated to study the impact of e-bus fleet integration on the distribution grid. The exploited data in this study were collected from the data logger devices, which are installed on the e-buses and record over 46 signals. Data from over one year were collected, and some sample data were processed and analyzed to study the technical and economic operations of the e-bus fleet.

IoT Based Bus Tracking System

Tracking of public bus location requires a GPS device to be installed, and lots of bus operators in developing countries don't have such an answer in situ to supply an accurate estimation of bus time of arrival (ETA). Without ETA information, it's very difficult for the overall public to plan their journey effectively. In this paper, implementation of an innovative IOT solution to trace the real time location of buses without requiring the deployment of a GPS device is discussed. It uses Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) proximity beacon to trace the journey of a bus by deploying an Estimate location beacon on the bus. BLE detection devices (Raspberry Pi 4) are installed at selected bus stops along the path to detect the arrival of buses. Once detected, the situation of the bus is submitted to a cloud server to compute the bus ETAs. A field trial is currently being conducted in Johor, Malaysia together with an area bus operator on one single path. Our test results showed that the detection of BLE beacons is extremely accurate and it's feasible to trace the situation of buses without employing a GPS device during a cost-effective way.

An investment decision dilemma

Subject area Financial Accounting and Corporate Finance. Study level/applicability Undergraduate, Post Graduate and Executive Education. Case overview T.A. Pai Management Institute (TAPMI), a leading B School in South India had established its new campus in Badagabettu village, about 5 km away from Manipal, Udupi District, Karnataka. Though the campus housed about a thousand inmates, comprising students, staff and faculty members, a proper public transport system did not develop commensurate with other facilities. The TAPMI administration was flooded with requests from various stakeholders to find a solution to this vexed problem. The Dean Administration had three options before him namely convincing the existing private bus operator to run a new bus en route TAPMI, TAPMI purchases the bus by either paying cash or availing loan from a bank or TAPMI can take a bus on lease. The predicament before Dean was to find out the most economically viable solution. Expected learning outcomes At the end of this case discussion, the participants will be able to: understand the application of breakeven analysis; prepare income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement and forecast of cash flows; evaluate financing and investing decisions by using various techniques; discuss and debate the different alternatives available to the organization. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email [email protected] to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 1: Accounting and Finance.