Spatial Modeling of Sediment Export Rate with Rainfall Variability Scenario in Peusangan Watershed, Aceh Province

The rainfall affects the environmental interaction of watersheds and coastal areas. The high intensity of rain and water runoff will lift and carry particles in the watershed environment in the erosion process. This study estimates the total exports of sediment in Peusangan Watershed in the period 1995, 2005, 2015, and 2018 with rainfall variability scenarios. Total sediment exports are calculated from the erosion rate and sediment delivery ratio (SDR). Erosion rate modeling uses the RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) that takes into account erosivity of rainfall, soil erodiability, topography, land cover, and land-use practices. While SDR is calculated based on its function as watershed area so that homogeneous value that causes the value of sediment export rate is directly proportional to the erosion rate value. The correlation between rainfall variability and sediment export rates is calculated based on rainfall variability correlation to erosion rate change. There is a direct relationship between rainfall variability and sediment export rates because the correlation coefficient is close to one. The rate of erosion in Peusangan watersheds falls into the light category based on the classification of erosion hazard levels according to the Ministry of Forestry in 1998. Based on the estimated rate of erosion and SDR, the total annual number of sediment exports obtained in the Peusangan watershed in 1995, 2005, 2015, and 2018 amounted to 1,066,027,426 tons, 909,914,623 tons, 1,075,759,133 tons, and 1,085,490,841 tons, respectively. Based on the spatial distribution of sediment export, Peusangan Watershed falls into the category of normal erosion.

The Influence of Submesoscales and Vertical Mixing on the Export of Sinking Tracers in Large-Eddy Simulations

We use idealized large-eddy simulations (LES) and a simple analytical theory to study the influence of submesoscales on the concentration and export of sinking particles from the mixed layer. We find that restratification of the mixed layer following the development of submesoscales reduces the rate of vertical mixing which, in turn, enhances the export rate associated with gravitational settling. For a neutral tracer initially confined to the mixed layer, subinertial (submesoscale) motions enhance the downward tracer flux, consistent with previous studies. However, the sign of the advective flux associated with the concentration of sinking particles reverses, indicating reentrainment into the mixed layer. A new theory is developed to model the gravitational settling flux when the particle concentration is nonuniform. The theory broadly agrees with the LES results and allows us to extend the analysis to a wider range of parameters.

ANALISIS DETERMINAN EKSPOR PROVINSI SUMATERA UTARA: PENDEKATAN GRAVITY MODEL

Export Growth has been being one of important component in enhancing of economic growth of North Sumatera Province. During 2005-2010, the average growth of export rate of North Sumatera Province is 16,5 percent per year with 5,23 percent per year the average of it’s contribution to growth. The aim of this research is to detect the factors which affect the enhancement of export rate of North Sumatera Province during 2005-2010. With augmented gravity model approach, this research analyzes the effect of gross domestic product percapita rate and the population of each trading partner countries, geographical distance between North Sumatera Province and every trading partner countries, foreign direct investment and real effective exchange rate of North Sumatera Province, to the export rate of North Sumatera Province to every trading countries, such as United States of America, Netherland, China, India, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Egypt, Singapore, and Ukraine. By using random effect model in pooled data processing, the result of this research describes that the gross domestic product percapita and the population of each trading partner countries affect positively and significantly to the export rate of North Sumatera Province. As well as foreign direct investment rate and real effective exchange rate of North Sumatera Province show the positive and significant effect. Whereas, geographical distance as the trade barrier, correlate negatively and significantly to the export rate of North Sumatera Province.

Nutrition, yield and nutrient export in common bean under zinc fertilization in no-till system

ABSTRACT Zinc (Zn) is one of the most deficient plant micronutrients in agricultural crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate plant nutrition, grain yield and nutrient export rate in response to soil and foliar Zn fertilization in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Two field experiments in no-till system were carried out using two common bean cultivars, BRS Esteio (black bean) and IPR Campos Gerais (Carioca bean). Treatments were composed of soil Zn application during sowing and foliar Zn spray at flowering stage. Soil Zn application had effect on leaf Zn concentration in IPR Campos Gerais and did not affect grain yield of both cultivars. Foliar Zn spray increased leaf Zn concentration by approximately two times in both cultivars, but negatively affected the grain yield in BRS Esteio. Leaf concentration of N, Ca and S were affected by soil Zn application and leaf concentration of Mn was affected by foliar Zn spray, while leaf concentration of P, K, Mg, Cu and Fe were not influenced by the soil and foliar Zn treatments. In treatments without Zn, the descending order of nutrient export rate from the experimental site was as follows: N > K > P > Ca ≈ S > Mg for macronutrients and Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn for micronutrients. Foliar Zn spray increased the export rate of Zn, P, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Cu and Fe in IPR Campos Gerais, while soil Zn application resulted in higher export rate of P, K and Mn in BRS Esteio.

Terrorism and Macroeconomy: A Review of The Eurasian Economies

The relationship between terrorist incidents, inflation rate, unemployment rate, per capita GDP, export rate and import rate for Eurasian countries Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Belarus for the period 1994-2015. For this purpose, the Westerlund cointegration analysis and have been using the causality test introduced by Holtz-Eakin, Newey and Rosen. As a result of the analyzes, it is observed that there is a long-term relationship between the export rate and the terrorist incidents and the export rate is the reason for the terrorist incidents. At the same time, it has been found that there is no long-term interaction and causal link between all other variables and terrorist incidents considered in the study.

Inducible l-Alanine Exporter Encoded by the Novel GeneygaW(alaE) in Escherichia coli

ABSTRACTWe previously isolated a mutant hypersensitive tol-alanyl-l-alanine from a non-l-alanine-metabolizingEscherichia colistrain and found that it lacked an induciblel-alanine export system. Consequently, this mutant showed a significant accumulation of intracellularl-alanine and a reduction in thel-alanine export rate compared to the parent strain. When the mutant was used as a host to clone a gene(s) that complements the dipeptide-hypersensitive phenotype, two uncharacterized genes,ygaWandytfF, and two characterized genes,yddGandyeaS, were identified. Overexpression of each gene in the mutant resulted in a decrease in the intracellularl-alanine level and enhancement of thel-alanine export rate in the presence of the dipeptide, suggesting that their products function as exporters ofl-alanine. SinceygaWexhibited the most striking impact on both the intra- and the extracellularl-alanine levels among the four genes identified, we disrupted theygaWgene in the non-l-alanine-metabolizing strain. The resulting isogenic mutant showed the same intra- and extracellularl-alanine levels as observed in the dipeptide-hypersensitive mutant obtained by chemical mutagenesis. When each gene was overexpressed in the wild-type strain, which does not intrinsically excrete alanine, only theygaWgene conferred on the cells the ability to excrete alanine. In addition, expression of theygaWgene was induced in the presence of the dipeptide. On the basis of these results, we concluded that YgaW is likely to be the physiologically most relevant exporter forl-alanine inE. coliand proposed that the gene be redesignatedalaEforalanineexport.

Increasing leaf export and grain import capacities in maize plants under water stress

The export rate and the carbohydrate concentration were measured in maize plants submitted to water deprivation either at the fourth leaf stage or at pollination. Export rate was evaluated by a short pulse of labelling with 14CO2 followed by a 10-h chase. In stressed plants, 14C fixation was strongly reduced. When radioactivity was expressed relative to the initial value, the time course of label export from the labelled zone showed a faster decline in stressed plants than in well-watered plants. This was observed both under mild stress (fourth leaf stage) and severe stress (pollination stage). Another consequence of drought stress was an increase in fourth leaf vacuolar invertase activity and an increase in hexoses, which accumulated to the same content as sucrose. This occurred without a significant decrease in starch. At pollination stage, despite a large decrease in absolute quantity of 14C entering kernels, the proportion of leaf 14C export recovered in the kernel was not modified after a 4-d water deprivation, i.e. at day 0 after pollination (0 DAP), and was multiplied by a factor of 2–3 at 12 DAP. The major conclusion arising from these data appears to be an improvement of both leaf export and kernel import efficiency under water stress.