The Causality Relationship between Technological Development Indicators and Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey

The improvements in technological development indicators play a driving role in the process of economic growth and industrialization. Especially, technological developments are vital for developing countries. This study investigates the relationship between the share of R & D expenditure in GDP, the number of patent applications and GDP per capita utilizing Granger causality test for the period of 1996 - 2015. According to Granger Causality test analysis results, it is concluded that short-term one-way causality from high-tech product exports and R & D spending to GDP per capita, and one-way causality relationship from GDP per capita to patent application numbers. In addition, long-term R & D expenditures and patent applications have resulted in a positive GDP per capita, while high-tech exports, contrary to anticipation, negatively affected.

The Influence of Political Economy on the “Self-Determination of Peoples”

The right of peoples to "self-determination” is influenced by varying motives in different times and geographies in its implementation, and is rarely operated according to its foundational ethic and legal bases dating back to the Kantian concept of free will and the international laws codified after the World War II. Particularly, political economy has always played an important but usually covered role in the application of this principle to national or international disputes. This paper aims to explain the dominance of political economy in international decision making processes about the people making a claim for their own state, and to highlight the changing nature of political economy supporting sometimes the sovereign states and sometimes the sub-state level ethnic groups. In this context, the theoretical development and the application of “self-determination” principle is assessed relatively by historical comparison method. Field research for the study comprises archival research of primary and secondary resources. This paper concludes that the political economy has usually greater influence on the application of “self-determination” to the national and international disputes than its ethic and legal content, and that the paradoxical content of this principle contributes to the redistribution of lands usually in compliance with the interests of great powers.

Factors Affecting Cost Efficiency in the Banking Sector of Kyrgyzstan

Instabilities in the banking sector have had an adverse effect on the economy as a whole, since the largest share in the financial system and financial intermediation in Kyrgyzstan have been captured by banking sector. Economic efficiency in banking can be viewed as a source of financial stability of banking system. Economic efficiency of the banking is more important challenge not only for shareholders and managers of banks, and also for regulation and supervision authorities, and public and potential investors. The aim of this study is to examine factors affecting the banking cost efficiency for Kyrgyz banks. It is also important to choose the appropriate approach in measurement of banking cost efficiency, since there are many different methods. In this study preferred stochastic frontier approach which assumes random error term which captures sampling, measurement and specification errors. We adopted stochastic cost frontier model proposed by Battese ve Coelli (1995) which also allow to examine investigate the impact of variables on efficiency. We used unbalanced panel data set captured 17-23 Kyrgyz commercial banks for period of 2000-2013. Obtained results suggest that capitalization, foreign ownership, credit risk, liquidity risk and currency risk have most influence on cost efficiency scores of banks calculated averagely at level of 0,766. Overall results indicate that domestic banks more cost efficient than domestic private and foreign banks. Average cost efficiency scores of domestic banks, foreign and separately public banks are 0,848; 0,649 and 0,875, respectively.

Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Domestic Prices: Evidence from OECD Countries

There is an immense literature on the effects of exchange rate changes on macroeconomic indicators, specifically on the trade balance, growth, inflation, and overall productivity in open economies. One of the main attempts in the related literature is about ascertaining whether the exchange rate fluctuations alter domestic prices. This possible mechanism is called as the pass-through effect which is getting more important since the argument that exchange rate adjustment is a part of the solution for global rebalancing is empirically well-supported. Starting from this claim, this study purposes to explore whether there is an exchange rate pass-through effect in 19 high-income OECD countries over the period 1990-2015. To this end, using a panel data set of consumer price index, producer price index proxied by wholesale price index, the nominal effective exchange rates, and industrial production presented by the value-added share of industry sectors in gross domestic product, structural vector autoregressive (VAR) and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models are estimated in an unbalanced panel data analysis procedure. Results reveal that exchange rate pass-through effects on the domestic prices are significant but not that strong in both the short-run and the long-run. Expectedly, the pass-through effects tend to diminish over time. The study concludes that policy-makers need to consider policy actions accompanying the exchange rate changes to ensure domestic price stability which consequently interacts with many macroeconomic indicators.

Allocation and Use of Financial Resources in Health Care in Kyrgyzstan

TThe distribution of the limited financial resources in the state hospitals in Kyrgyzstan is uneven. The problems associated with the current method of distribution of resources: the poor quality of services at the level of polyclinics and high hospitalization rates that require an evaluation of the budget allocation of healthcare organizations operating in the Single Payer system. In order to improve the efficiency of resource use it is suggested to review the principles of allocation of resources to the primary level of patient care.

A New Regulatory Understanding towards Turkey and Transition Economies

Turkey has many important economic relations with transition countries. Furthermore, there is high potential that these relations are getting to be stronger. Meanwhile, the importance of regulation of sectors in these economies, is increasing for both side. However, adaption of regulatory institutions could play the key role in making stronger the economic relations. Besides, the problems of the world economy lead to discuss about the functioning of the regulatory institutions, the qualifications of employees, and new implementation of regulation. Turkey as a developing country, has some regulatory institutions in order to regulate some specific sectors. Yet, these regulatory institutions have poorly performed because of facing challenges. For these reasons, existing regulatory understanding and implementation problems should be evaluated, and so that, new regulatory understanding should be created. In order to make efficient evaluation, primarily, the explanation about dominant factors of establishing on regulatory institutions, are given. The main point of the evaluation could provide to have new regulatory understanding. Additionally, the evaluation of regulatory institutions and understanding in Turkey may also provide that the new understanding to transition economies. Hence, all the explanations and evaluations are suggested to support implementing efficient regulation in transition countries.

A Glance of China with Lewis' Two Sector Growth Modelling: Has Been Reached to Growth Limit?

The growth model developed by Lewis depends on availability of cheap and sustainable labor and this can be explained by a country on the path of industrialization, rural / urban population in the agricultural sector / industry is the labor store. In this approach, which is based on in particular the labor-intensive growth model, the labor demand that the investments will need, will be met by the rural labor store. In Lewis's model, it is important to prevent uncontrolled migration to the urban area in order for the mechanism to function. This, however, is only possible with a very authoritarian government aspect. In this framework, China's industrialization process is worthy of examination in the Lewis model's perspective. In the study, urbanization and its dynamics were analyzed in China between 1960 and 2015 by RStduio programming. Thus, research has been conducted on how long the industrialization of China, which constitutes the dynamics of economic development, can be sustained by the function of rural workforce storage. According to the analysis by the HoltWinters method, it can be said that the Chinese economy's growth form based on the labor store will continue for the next 20 years. However, according to findings, it can be argued that when China reaches the limits of this growth form, socio-economic inertia will become inevitable if it does not push the capital-intensive and transition to technology-containing growth phase.

An Investigation on the Transformation of Information Economy

The economy, which is one of the basic building institutions of society, has been the most affected institution in this situation. Since the Industrial Revolution, new disciplines have emerged in the changing and developing world economic and social order. One of the most popular branches of knowledge economy in recent years has been the effects of Information technology on the economy. Since the Industrial Revolution, new disciplines have emerged in the changing and developing world economic and social order. Changing production and consumption preferences, the development of technology has set the stage for the formation of a knowledge-based economy. The information economy, which examines how information affects economic and economic decisions, has been one of the favorites of the economy in recent years. The change and development process that started with the Industrial Revolution changed the production and consumption preferences gradually and radically. These radical changes brought about certain transformations in every institution of society. The social and economic field has also begun a wholesale rise process. The development of technology has brought divisions in the bottom of the economy in particular, accelerating the transformation process of the world economy by revealing concepts like knowledge economy and innovation economy. In this study, the stages of transformation from the industrial society to the information economy and the structure of the emerging information society have been evaluated. The historical process of the information economy as a result of the work is evidence of how the information economy evolved.

The Relationship between Corruption and Economic Growth: The Case of Newly Industrialized Countries

Studies on corruption have been increasing in the literature recently. The effects of corruption, especially on macroeconomic variables, are a matter of curiosity for researchers. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between corruption and economic growth. In this sense, Newly Industrialized Countries (NIC) are investigated in the study. The study covers the period 2001-2014 and to determine the long-term relationship, Pedroni cointegration test, panel FMOLS and panel DOLS coefficient estimators are utilised. According to the results of Pedroni cointegration test, there is a long-term relationship between corruption and economic growth. In addition, both panel FMOLS and DOLS results indicate that rise in corruption index contributes to higher economic growth in related countries.

Analysis of Nurses' Social Responsibility Perception (Example of the Sakarya City)

By analyzing the development of the social responsibility conception, this study illustrates corporate social responsibility perception and applies it into the medical sector with participation of some subject nurses. In the scope of this study in order to measure nurses' social responsibility perception and to analyze the interaction between the perception and demographic features three hundred nurses who work in the city of Sakarya's some public hospitals were given questionnaires that includes some demographic statistics and social responsibility indications. Consequently 250 of 300 questionnaires received back and included to the study (feedback percentage is 83.3%). According to the data acquired from the survey the average rating of participants is 3.13 so that it is considered that the nurses are equipped with a high level of corporate social responsibility perception. However, it is also observed that the nurses' social responsibility perception is variable in accordance with their rank, gender and education.