Iron Age Celtic art as the religious metanarrative visualization.

The purpose of the article is to reveal to which extent the Iron Age Celtic art visualized the metanarrative of the Celtic religion. The methodology is based on the applying of structural and semiotic approaches to the symbols and representations of the Celtic art, which are viewed as components of much more complicated system: the religious and mythological beliefs of the Iron Age Celts. Scientific novelty. The author puts forward an idea that the Early La Tиne, Waldalgesheim and Plastic art styles were closely connected to the Celtic beliefs in the afterlife and supranatural powers. Conclusions. The La Tиne decorated weapons, drinking vessels and personal ornaments were produced by the artisans who were closely connected to the priesthood. Such artifacts were used as apothropei in the highly ritualized spheres of social life such as war, banquet and burial rite. The author notes that the decline of the Plastic art style was simultaneous with the transformations of the Celtic burial rite which caused the disappearance of the burials during the late La Tиne period.

Clitic climbing

In verbal periphrases, Romance clitics either climb to the inflected verb or remain attached to the non-finite verb. The chapter argues that climbing depends on the point where auxiliaries—including restructuring predicates—are merged. Since the incorporation of clitics takes place in a clause-intermediate position (e.g. Ledgeway and Lombardi 2005), climbing does not take place when auxiliaries are first merged above the locus of incorporation. The same analysis is then extended to perfective auxiliaries in order to account for the dialects in which clitics do not climb in compound tenses and, lastly, for the dialects in which clitics never climb. The second part of the chapter focuses on the complicated system of clitic placement of Sanvalentinese, a southern Italian dialect in which optional climbing interacts with a kind of V2 requirement targeting both the I and V domain.

Number-based noun classification

Nilo-Saharan languages are well-known for their complicated system of nominal number marking, which features a variety of singulative and plural affixes (Dimmendaal 2000). Even though these systems have received some attention in the typological literature, there has been limited theoretical work on their implications for the morphosyntax of number cross-linguistically. The goal of this paper is to fill this gap, by providing an analysis of nominal number morphology in Kipsigis (Nilotic, Kenya), based on data from original fieldwork. First, I show that singulatives in Kipsigis are true allomorphs of singular number, unlike singulatives with a classifier function in languages like Ojibwe (Mathieu 2012). The descriptive term ‘singulative’ is therefore misleading, as it corresponds to two very different types of morphemes. Second, I claim that the tripartite system of number marking of Kipsigis and other Nilo-Saharan languages is due to the classification of nouns into morphosyntactic classes defined by the presence of inherent number features on little n; the interaction of these features with interpretable number features on the functional projection Num (Ritter 1991 a.o.) in the post-syntactic component gives rise to the exponence pattern that we observe. Finally, my analysis corroborates the existence of noun classification based on number, which has only been argued for Kiowa-Tanoan before (Harbour 2007). The existence of three number classes in Kipsigis can only be explained by reference to bivalent number features; number-based noun classification systems thus strongly support the view that number features are bivalent and not privative, which is also argued by Harbour (2007, 2011) for Kiowa.

Challenges in Kazakh Auxiliary Selection

This paper proposes an account for the four auxiliaries in Kazakh that express the imperfective aspect. The main factors – the auxiliary, the main verb, their inflections and the aspectual specifications reveal a complicated system, which can be captured with an appropriate monotonic, multiple inheritance type hierarchy using online-type construction with the implementation of Pāṇinian competition. This analysis sheds light to a very different auxiliary system that we find in Indo-European languages.

The Occurrence of Problematic Behaviour in the School Environment

Nowadays, aggression and bullying are serious societal problems present in all types and level of schools. It is an extremely complicated system that can be examined from many different angles. This is a dangerous social-pathological effect where personal freedom is severely restricted, it is degrading human dignity, and often harming the victims' health or property. For these reasons, we decided to focus our attention on the issues of manifestations of aggression and the possibilities of its elimination.

Linguastylistic and Interpretative Features of English Military Slang Words in Unofficial Military Discourse

This article is devoted to the analysis of military slang peculiarities. Military discourse is a topical issue in the context of modern military conflicts and military contacts development of the 21st century. Mentioned above discourse is the main instrument not only for giving commands and orders, strategies and doctrines, but it also aims at forming ideology in society, embracing the whole discourse. So communication in military circles and the discourse itself should transfer cultural models based on specific elements and phenomena. Army is known to be one of the most important social institutions of many governments including a complicated system of individuum relations realized by communication rules and regulations. Thus studying some peculiarities of military discourse verbalization as a social professional subcode is a really important issue. It emphasizes the applicability of this research.

Equations of higher orders

A complicated system of two equations with two variables is considered. The theory of equations of higher orders required for solution is given. Many different methods of solution are indicated.

A journey of discovery through the Livonian world: the scholarly work of Tiit-Rein Viitso

This article presents a survey of Tiit-Rein Viitso’s studies on Livonian. Viitso has studied a variety of aspects of this southernmost Finnic language. In the current article, Viitso’s studies on Livonian are grouped into six parts: studies on (1) Livonian pronunciation and word prosody; (2) grammar; (3) vocabulary; overviews of the (4) Livonian language; the (5) Livonian language in the Finnic context; and (6) Livonian folklore, culture, and people. The most important part of Viitso’s Livonian studies concerns gradation in Livonian and its complicated system of morphophonological alternations. His research activities have been crowned with remarkable monumental works including the largest Livonian dictionary to date with an extensive grammatical survey (2012). Being deeply interested in the Finnic languages, Viitso has studied the historical contacts of the Livonian language and its broader Finnic context.Kokkuvõte. Tuuli Tuisk, Karl Pajusalu: Uurimisreis läbi liivi maailma: Tiit-Rein Viitso uurimused. Artiklis antakse ülevaade emeriitprofessor Tiit-Rein Viitso liiviteemalistest uurimustest. Liivi keel on olnud Viitsole paeluvamaid keeli juba üle 50 aasta. Liivi keelt on ta uurinud kõige erinevamatest aspektidest. Artiklis on Viitso liivi uurimusi vaadeldud kuues suures rühmas, milleks on uurimused (1) liivi hääldusest ja sõnaprosoodiast, (2) liivi grammatikast, (3) sõnavarast; lisaks ülevaated (4) liivi keelest, (5) liivi keelest läänemeresoome kontekstis, (6) liivi folkloorist, kultuurist ja inimestest.Märksõnad: Tiit-Rein Viitso, läänemeresoome keeled, liivi keel, uurimisajaluguKubbõvõttõks. Tuuli Tuisk, Karl Pajusalu: Tuņšlimiz reiz leb līvõd mōīlma: Tiit-Rein Viitso tuņšlimizt. Kēras āt vaņţõltõd profesor Tiit-Rein Viitso līvõkīel tuņšlimiz tīed. Līvõ kēļ um vȯnd Viitso pierāst ikš amā interesant kēļ jemīņ äbku 50 āigastõ. Ta um tuņšlõn līvõ kīeldõ setmiņ aspektist. Sīes kēras Viitso tuņšlimiztīed at jagdõd kūdõ gruppõ: (1) līvõ kīel īeldimi ja sõnād prozodij, (2) līvõ kīel gramatik, (3) līvõ sõnād, (4) iļammizt kērad iļ līvõ kīel, (5) līvõ kēļ vāldamiersūomõ kīeld siegās, (6) līvõ folklōr, kultūr ja rovst.

Ranges of Backwater Curves in Lower Odra

In the paper, the backwater curve ranges at the mouth of the Odra River with changing boundary conditions were analysed. The aim of the study is to determine which boundary condition, i.e. stage of lower cross-section or flow in upper cross-section, has a greater impact on the formation of the backwater curve at the mouth of the Odra River. Due to the complicated system of the Lower Odra River network (Międzyodrze and Dabie Lake), the analysis takes into consideration a section of the Odra River from a weir in Widuchowa upwards, thereby accepting as an axiom that the cross-section in Widuchowa is within the range of sea impact, regardless of other hydrological conditions.