La política del Antropoceno: progreso y naturaleza en el Cañón del Sumidero

Based on the author’s fieldwork as a tour guide in the Sumidero Canyon of the Grijalva River in Chiapas, Mexico, this article examines the conceptual limits and possibilities of the term Anthropocene. It shows how the concept helps to highlight issues concerned with a conceptual division made between nature and culture, but also how the breadth of the term and the reference to an epoch can lead to difficulties for anyone wishing to take local histories into account. The article concludes that the Anthropo-cene should be understood above all as a political concept, that corresponds to a broad change in the discourse that has occurred during the last decades, from the idea of progress to an emphasis on nature, and not as a descriptive term.

The Prestige of Sport and Sport as a Source of Prestige

The aim of the study is an attempt to characterise prestige as an important descriptive term, explaining the phenomena and processes occurring in (post-) modern sport and to answer the question regarding the sources of sport prestige and sport as a source of prestige. The work is based on an analysis of the literature on the given subject in the fi eld of humanities and social sciences, especially sociology, devoted to the interesting issue of prestige and sport. In the analysis,the dominant scientifi c theories were implemented, including, inter alia, structural and functional, social interactionism, Weber’s and Warner’s theory of prestige, and the theoretical assumptions of Henryk Domański and Piotr Sztompka. Through the analyse, it is shown that sport itself, in relation to other areas of life, enjoys relative prestige. Access to the stock of prestige in sport is unequal. Some disciplines, sporting activities, sport groups and individuals have greater access to it, while others do not. Sport in (post-) modern societies is a source of prestige. This is confi rmed by the pro-sport nature of informal social control, as a result of which, participation in sport is subject to positive social sanctions, while lack of such participation is deprived of such sanctions.

Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy is a descriptive term that means ‘disease of the heart muscle’: ‘cardia’ refers to the heart and ‘myopathy’ literally means an abnormality of muscle. Cardiomyopathies are disorders of the myocardium that are not 2° to coronary artery disease, hypertension, congenital, valvular, or pericardial abnormalities. Cardiomyopathy is associated with myocardial dysfunction and is classified into the following four major subtypes: hypertrophic, dilated, arrhythmogenic right ventricular, and restrictive. The aim of this chapter is to outline the background, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and the role of the nurse in the management of the cardiomyopathies.

Number-based noun classification

Nilo-Saharan languages are well-known for their complicated system of nominal number marking, which features a variety of singulative and plural affixes (Dimmendaal 2000). Even though these systems have received some attention in the typological literature, there has been limited theoretical work on their implications for the morphosyntax of number cross-linguistically. The goal of this paper is to fill this gap, by providing an analysis of nominal number morphology in Kipsigis (Nilotic, Kenya), based on data from original fieldwork. First, I show that singulatives in Kipsigis are true allomorphs of singular number, unlike singulatives with a classifier function in languages like Ojibwe (Mathieu 2012). The descriptive term ‘singulative’ is therefore misleading, as it corresponds to two very different types of morphemes. Second, I claim that the tripartite system of number marking of Kipsigis and other Nilo-Saharan languages is due to the classification of nouns into morphosyntactic classes defined by the presence of inherent number features on little n; the interaction of these features with interpretable number features on the functional projection Num (Ritter 1991 a.o.) in the post-syntactic component gives rise to the exponence pattern that we observe. Finally, my analysis corroborates the existence of noun classification based on number, which has only been argued for Kiowa-Tanoan before (Harbour 2007). The existence of three number classes in Kipsigis can only be explained by reference to bivalent number features; number-based noun classification systems thus strongly support the view that number features are bivalent and not privative, which is also argued by Harbour (2007, 2011) for Kiowa.

Mild cognitive impairment

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a descriptive term that in essence refers to the presence of cognitive impairment out of keeping with normal ageing but of insufficient severity to constitute dementia. Debate continues as to whether MCI represents a discrete syndrome, a transitional state, or a prodrome for a variety of neurodegenerative diseases: it is at present considered to be heterogeneous both in terms of clinical presentation and aetiology. This chapter outlines how the concept of MCI has evolved to its current form and summarizes its diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, prognosis, underlying aetiologies, and pathophysiology. It briefly covers related phenomena such as subjective cognitive decline and mild behavioural impairment. It explores the role of biomarkers and neuroimaging in investigating MCI in clinical and research settings and finally concludes with a proposed clinician’s approach to the diagnosis and management of MCI.

Functional cognitive disorder: dementia’s blind spot

An increasing proportion of cognitive difficulties are recognized to have a functional cause, the chief clinical indicator of which is internal inconsistency. When these symptoms are impairing or distressing, and not better explained by other disorders, this can be conceptualized as a cognitive variant of functional neurological disorder, termed functional cognitive disorder (FCD). FCD is likely very common in clinical practice but may be under-diagnosed. Clinicians in many settings make liberal use of the descriptive term mild cognitive impairment (MCI) for those with cognitive difficulties not impairing enough to qualify as dementia. However, MCI is an aetiology-neutral description, which therefore includes patients with a wide range of underlying causes. Consequently, a proportion of MCI cases are due to non-neurodegenerative processes, including FCD. Indeed, significant numbers of patients diagnosed with MCI do not ‘convert’ to dementia. The lack of diagnostic specificity for MCI ‘non-progressors’ is a weakness inherent in framing MCI primarily within a deterministic neurodegenerative pathway. It is recognized that depression, anxiety and behavioural changes can represent a prodrome to neurodegeneration; empirical data are required to explore whether the same might hold for subsets of individuals with FCD. Clinicians and researchers can improve study efficacy and patient outcomes by viewing MCI as a descriptive term with a wide differential diagnosis, including potentially reversible components such as FCD. We present a preliminary definition of functional neurological disorder–cognitive subtype, explain its position in relation to other cognitive diagnoses and emerging biomarkers, highlight clinical features that can lead to positive diagnosis (as opposed to a diagnosis of exclusion), and red flags that should prompt consideration of alternative diagnoses. In the research setting, positive identifiers of FCD will enhance our recognition of individuals who are not in a neurodegenerative prodrome, while greater use of this diagnosis in clinical practice will facilitate personalized interventions.

وسطية الإسلام فى مجتمع متعدد الثقافات المجتمع الإندونيسي نموذجا

Multiculturalism is the cultural diversity of communities within a given society and the policies that promote this diversity. As a descriptive term, multiculturalism is the simple fact of cultural diversity and the demographic make-up of a specific place, sometimes at the organizational leve. As a prescriptive term, multiculturalism encourages ideologies and policies that promote this diversity or its institutionalization. In this sense, multiculturalism is a society “at ease with the rich tapestry of human life and the desire amongst people to express their own identity in the manner they see fit. This paper discusses multicultural ideologies or policies vary widely, ranging from the advocacy of equal respect to the various cultures in a society, to a policy of promoting the maintenance of cultural diversity, to policies in which people of various ethnic and religious groups are addressed by the authorities as defined by the group they belong to. Pluralism, diversity and multiculturalism is a daily fact of life in Indonesia. There are over 300 ethnic groups in Indonesia. The Javanese is the largest ethnic group in Indonesia who make up nearly 42% of the total population. The Sundanese, Malay, and Madurese are the next largest groups in the country. There are also more than 700 living languages spoken in Indonesia and although predominantly Muslim the country also has large Christian and Hindu populations. This paper also uncloses the model of Islamic Moderation in Indonesia societies in the light of Various Cultures and Relegion.

New approaches to neorealism in Italian cinema

In an article with the challenging title ‘Against Realism’, Alan O'Leary and Catherine O'Rawe (2011) argued that Italian cinema studies needed to move forward. In their view, the abuse of ‘realism’ as a prescriptive as well as descriptive term had stunted research into Italian cinema of the postwar period, channelling it exclusively towards neorealist trends and thus devaluing study of the other forms, movements, auteurs and productions that emerged during the same period. This historiographical tendency, which Christopher Wagstaff aptly called the ‘institution of neorealism’ (2007, 37), encouraged the development of reverential study and by the 1960s had assumed the form of a canon. While the position taken by O'Leary and O'Rawe was certainly provocative, it has served to stimulate thinking about the areas of postwar Italian cinema that had remained in the shadows and unexplored. Starting to focus on an ‘other’ cinema has not had to mean ‘forgetting’ neorealism, but has brought changes to the way that it is studied. Almost ten years later, the challenge seems to be to rethink neorealism as a transnational phenomenon that straddles different periods, genres and contexts; while it has its roots in postwar European culture, it continues to be influential on a global level.