Identifying mutations in sd1, Pi54 and Pi-ta, and positively selected genes of TN1, the first semidwarf rice in Green Revolution

Background: Taichung Native 1 (TN1) is the first semidwarf rice cultivar that initiated the Green Revolution. As TN1 is a direct descendant of the Dee-geo-woo-gen cultivar, the source of the sd1 semidwarf gene, the sd1 gene can be defined through TN1. Also, TN1 is susceptible to the blast disease and is described as being drought-tolerant. However, genes related to these characteristics of TN1 are unknown. Our aim was to identify and characterize TN1 genes related to these traits. Results: Aligning the sd1 of TN1 to Nipponbare sd1, we found a 382-bp deletion including a frameshift mutation. Sanger sequencing validated this deleted region in sd1, and we proposed a model of the sd1 gene that corrects errors in the literature. We also predicted the blast disease resistant (R) genes of TN1. Orthologues of the R genes in Tetep, a well-known resistant cultivar that is commonly used as a donor for breeding new blast resistant cultivars, were then sought in TN1, and if they were present, we looked for mutations. The absence of Pi54, a well-known R gene, in TN1 partially explains why TN1 is more susceptible to blast than Tetep. We also scanned the TN1 genome using the PosiGene software and identified 11 genes deemed to have undergone positive selection. Some of them are associated with drought-resistance and stress response. Conclusions: We have redefined the deletion of the sd1 gene in TN1, a direct descendant of the Dee-geo-woo-gen cultivar, and have corrected some literature errors. Moreover, we have identified blast resistant genes and positively selected genes, including genes that characterize TN1's blast susceptibility and abiotic stress response. These new findings increase the potential of using TN1 to breed new rice cultivars.

The Indian, The Mestizo, and The Impostor: The Fictionality of Race in Inca Garcilaso de la Vega

Inca Garcilaso de la Vega is perhaps one of the most racially conscious authors of early modernity. In fact, he is the first American-born author to self-identify as a direct descendant of a colonized indigenous nation. As such, Inca Garcilaso understood well the epistemic implications of his biracial and bicultural status (his mestizo condition). Most literary critics have analyzed the incessant reiteration of his mestizaje throughout his texts as a way of countering the racist colonial labels imposed on Amerindians and their descendants. However, there is a complex and somewhat contradictory usage of racial terminology throughout his works. Sometimes Garcilaso claims to be a mestizo, sometimes an Indian, and at times he seems to only highlight his Spanish heritage, depending on the situation. In this sense, Inca Garcilaso’s depiction of his authorial persona is not a straightforward decolonial counter-discourse. Instead, I argue that the Inca Garcilaso that appears in his texts is a fictional author whose deliberately inconsistent use of the different racial labels amounts to a modern decolonial strategy: a critique that ironizes the traditional meaning of racial labels, thus destabilizing their epistemic status. In this paper, I aim to flesh out Garcilaso’s complex decolonial strategy, through a literary reading of his authorial persona.

“СТІВЕН ДЖОЙС СЛУХАЄ”: ЦІ СЛОВА ЖАХАЛИ НЕ ОДИН ДЕСЯТОК ЖУРНАЛІСТІВ

The Ukrainian translation of Terence Killeen’s article “The Words Many a Journalist Dreaded Hearing: «This is Stephen Joyce»” is provided. Terence Killeen is the James Joyce Centre’s research scholar (Dublin). He is the author of numerous publications devoted to James Joyce’s oeuvre. Among them, there are “«Ulysses»’ Unbound: A Reader’s Companion to James Joyce’s «Ulysses»” (2004), an essay on the earliest version of “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” (2020) and others. He is a former journalist although still continues to publish his works on the pages of “The Irish Times”, a leading Irish newspaper (Dublin). The above-mentioned translation made by Ukrainian scholars E. Honcharenko and L. Baisara is accompanied by the detailed and meticulously collected explanatory notes to the article. This piece of work deals with Stephen James Joyce (1932-2020), a grandson of the outstanding Irishman, James Joyce. An eminent Irish writer wrote the poem “Ecce Puer” to commemorate the birth of his grandson and the death of his own father John Joyce, the translation of which is also presented in this article. Stephen Joyce was the only son of George [Giorgio] Joyce, James Joyce’s son. Stephen was a grandson and the last surviving direct descendant of James Joyce. The article highlights Stephen’s real attitude to the literary inheritance of his late grandfather. The translation of the article is published with the Terence Killeen’s kind permission. The original version of the article was published in the Dublin’s newspaper “The Irish Times” on February 23, 2020. Key words: Irish scholar, Joycean, translation, translator, notes, language of original, author, Dublin newspaper, journalist

YAKUT SON BOYAR IVAN LVIV - THE FIRST COMPILER OF THE MAP OF NORTHEAST ASIA AND THE NORTHERN PART OF ALASKA (XVIII CENTURY)

Scientific expeditions organized in different years by the Russian government to the northeast of the country needed guiding maps compiled by experienced people, including the son of a boyar Ivan Lviv from Yakutsk. In the 1710s, he compiled the first map of Chukotka with the inclusion of the Anadyr prison, two islands and part of Alaska, which, not yet explored by anyone, at one time went down in history as the "Land of the Yakut nobleman". The genealogy of the serviceman Ivan Lviv begins with Yakut Kisikey Sakhaltin, baptized in Moscow in 1677 under the name of Leonty Lviv and recorded in the title of the son of a boyar. His direct descendant, the official A.Ya. Uvarovsky, is known as a writer who wrote the first works of fiction in the Yakut language in 1848. The map compiled by the son of Boyar Ivan Leontievich Lviv is now highly regarded as the oldest map in which, for the first time in the world, the strait connecting the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, the islands of Diomede (Gvozdev) and part of Alaska were designated.

Bicentennial Commemoration at Seven Fountains

On 27 September 2020, along with representatives of local farming families and wellwishers, we were drawn to this Church to celebrate perhaps the only public settler Bicentennial Commemoration that took place in 2020, the year of Covid pandemic and lockdown. The event had been planned and organised by Graham Dickason, a direct descendant of widower Robert Dickason of the 1820 Latham Party.

Rewriting Trauma: The Legacy of W.B. Yeats in Marina Carr’s By the Bog of Cats . . .

While a most original and creative playwright in contemporary Ireland, Marina Carr is still unmistakably influenced by her male predecessors. This article will argue that her most renowned work By the Bog of Cats . . . (1998) is a bold rewriting of W. B. Yeats’s Purgatory (1938). Like Yeats’s play, BytheBogofCats . . . focuses on abandonment, betrayal, and murder as its main sources of trauma. While Carr’s play is a direct descendant from Purgatory in terms of its theme, plot, and symbolism, Carr rewrites Yeats’s pathetic, shiftless Old Man into a daring, strong, and responsible woman who may be embittered by her domestic trauma, but instead of escaping, she eventually faces up to her own guilt and crime. Hester is not a flat, helpless victim but a complex, well-rounded woman full of agency, passion, and honesty as well as vices. This way, Carr rewrites both the stereotypical stage image of Irish women and the unredeemable Old Man.

Intellectual Passion

This chapter cites one of the runaway Jewish girls named Anna Kluger, who was a daughter of an affluent family in Podgórze and a direct descendant of R. Hayim Halberstam, the founder of the Sandz Hasidic dynasty. It describes Anna as person who had a passion for learning as she received her gymnasium matriculation certificate as an external student. It recounts how Kluger continued her studies at the university in secret after getting married and then ran away from home to pursue her dream. The chapter talks about Kluger's stay in a convent to hide while trying to be released of her father's custody. It discusses the cases of the runaway Jewsish girls that were brought to court, with the parents demanding that the state authorities help them bring their underage daughters back home.

La aplicación de la Directiva 2004/38/CE en supuestos de Kafala ( ةلافك ) internacional = The application of Directive 2004/38/EC in an international Kafala’s ( ةلافك ) cases

Resumen: El incremento que ha experimentado en los últimos años el recurso a la Kafala de Derecho islámico por parte de ciudadanos residentes en la Unión Europea ha suscitado numerosos inconvenientes respecto a su calificación, dado que se trata de una figura desconocida en los ordenamientos jurídicos de los Estados miembros. En este sentido, surge la duda de si a los efectos de la Directiva 2004/38/CE, el menor en situación de Kafala estaría comprendido en la categoría de “descendiente directo” de un ciudadano de la Unión Europea o por el contrario, podría calificarse como “otros miembros de la familia”, en los términos del art.3.2 de la citada Directiva.Palabras clave: Kafala, Directiva 2004/38/CE, libre circulación y residencia, Unión Europea.Abstract: The increase in recent years in the use of the Kafala of Islamic law by citizens residing in the European Union has given rise to numerous problems with regard to its classification, given that it is an unknown figure in the legal systems of the Member States. In this sense, the question arises as to whether, for the purposes of Directive 2004/38/EC, the minor in a Kafala situation would be included in the category of “direct descendant” of a citizen of the European Union or, on the other hand, could be classified as “other family members”, in the terms of art. 3.2 of the above-mentioned Directive.Keywords: Kafala, Directive 2004/38/EC, free movement and residence, European Union.

The Celtic Element in Gallo-Romance Dialect Areas

The history of the French language was initially marked by Celtomania, which saw Celtic roots everywhere. When this doctrine was discredited and discarded in the XIXth century, the role of the Germanic superstrate became hypertrophied, the more so that Breton, long considered a direct descendant of the native Gaulish, was ranked in the same period as an alien language imported from Great Britain into the Armorican peninsula. Relying on modern geolinguistics, I compare ALF (Atlas Linguistique de la France) maps with Breton ones, using the data recorded in Le Roux’s Atlas Linguistique de la Basse-Bretagne and Le Dû’s Nouvel Atlas Linguistique de la Basse-Bretagne. I shall try to show that several of theses maps reveal the presence of ALF data whose origin is clearly Celtic and not Germanic. The study of the Atlas Linguarum Europae and of the Atlas Linguistique Roman has shown that borders between languages and even language families are not waterproof. It is high time to develop such comparisons to bring about a new vision of the history of languages.

The noun phrase and the ‘Viking Hypothesis’

ABSTRACTIn this article we use the syntax of the noun phrase to evaluate two competing hypotheses: the traditional account, that Middle English is a West Germanic language with Old English as its immediate ancestor, and Emonds and Faarlund's (2014) proposal, that Middle English is a North Germanic language, the direct descendant of Old Norse. The development of nominal syntax shows that the Middle English noun phrase can be derived only from Old English, not from Old Norse. We examine six nominal characteristics; in each case, we find in Middle English exactly the construction that one would expect given the nominal syntax of previous Old English stages. The evidence from Old Norse shows that, although some of the same constructions did develop in the same way in the attested Norse varieties, the development occurred only at a later stage, too late to have affected the syntax of Middle English.