ПО НЯТТЯ КУЛЬТУРИ В ПЕРЕКЛАДІ ТА ПЕРЕКЛАДОЗНАВСТВІ: ДО ПИТАННЯ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ

In the paper, we off er the translatological defi nition of the concept of culture, relevant for literary translation as a culturological phenomenon. We believe that the given defi nition combines the main aspects of its interpretation in culturology, socio-cultural anthropology, and intercultural communication. Such an approach allows outlining cultural background knowledge of the translator, which is necessary, on the one hand, for understanding of the text and, on the other, for the adequate translation of cultural information. The article analyses various theories of the understanding of culture and the tradition of its research in the translation studies, particularly in German translatology. The combination of interpretive, linguistic and translational turns in the cultural sciences is identifi ed as a perspective for translation studies. The attention focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of common interpretations. The paper considers the issues of meaningful and spatial defi nition of the concept of culture. The study characterizes the understanding of culture in the process of intercultural communication and the role of literary translation in it as well as clarifi es the peculiarities of the refl ection of culture in the literary text. The elements of culture that constitute translation problems are both extralinguistic concepts, i.e. phenomena and events that take place in a particular linguocultural community (the culture described by language), and “culturally conditioned” units of language as markers of a particular culture (the culture in language). In this research, we exemplify the possible ways of solving the problem of identifi cation and translation of cultural information in literary translation. It is important to complete a systematic description of culture in literary texts to enable its identifi cation at the macro- and microstructural levels. The article points out the need to consider the issue of identifi cation and translation of cultural information not only at the stage of implementation of the message in the language of translation, but also at the stages of decoding the source text and its recoding. The prospects for further research are outlined, which consist in the operationalization of the concept of culture at the empirical level, a systematic description of cultural manifestations in the source text, and a systematic approach to the reproduction of cultural information in the translated text. Key words: culture, translation studies, intercultural communication, literary translation, literary text.

ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЧНІ ОДИНИЦІ ТЕМАТИЧНОЇ ГРУПИ “ПОГОДА” В СУЧАСНІЙ НІМЕЦЬКІЙ МОВІ: СТРУКТУРНО-СЕМАНТИЧНИЙ ТА ПЕРЕКЛАДАЦЬКИЙ АСПЕКТИ

The article analyzes the structural and semantic features of German phraseological units of the thematic group “Weather”. This thematic group was chosen for the study given the great importance of weather conditions for various spheres of human life, especially for agriculture, which is undoubtedly refl ected in the language by the presence of a large number of features, descriptions and phraseological units. The study is based on the electronic resource “Oldphras”. Three hundred and four phraseological units, which are the subject of this study, were identifi ed by using the resource search system. The main thematic subgroups are Wetter “weather”, Regen “rain”, Hagel “hail”, Blitz “lightning”, Donner “thunder”, Nebel “fog”, Wind “wind”, Sturm “storm”, Gewitter “bad weather”, Schnee “Snow”, Wolke “cloud”, Frost “frost”, Hitze “heat”, Sonne “sun”, Himmel “sky”, Jahreszeit “season”, Winter “winter”, Frühling “spring”, Sommer “summer”. The electronic resource allows us to accurately understand the meaning of the selected units, as the page has an explanation of each of them, as well as to see whether this phraseology is relevant in modern German and whether it has undergone some changes. The next step was to classify phraseological units according to their structure and semantics. According to the criterion of structure, phraseological units constitute the “phrasicon” of a language – that is, the whole inventory of idioms and phrases, both word-like and sentencelike set expressions. Using these criteria, the fi rst type includes the following compounds: in den Wind reden – “waste (one’s) breath”; Wind haben – “as hungry as a hunter”; in allen Himmeln schweben – “head in the clouds”; Sturm läuten – “to ring the alarm bell”. As for the second type, here are the following examples: Sie hat wohl der Blitz beim letzten Schiß erwischt? – “Are you insane?”; Аhа, daher weht der Wind! – “That’s what the smell is!”; jetzt pfeift der Wind aus einem anderen Loch (jetzt pfeift ein anderer Wind) – “change one`s tune”. The results indicate that sentence-like expressions account for 31.6 % of the entire sample, while word-like ones comprise 68.4 %. Also, we have made use of V. V. Vinogradov’s classifi cation system which is based on the degree of semantic cohesion between the components of a phraseological unit. As a result, the selected phraseological units were classifi ed by translation methods, and it was determined that the most commonly used methods are analogues (41.5 %) and descriptive (36.6 %) ones, while equivalent, combined, antonymous, loan translation, and translation in one word are much less fr).equent (21.9 % altogether). Key words: phraseological unit, translation, semantics, translation equivalence, translation transformations.

ІНФІНІТИВИ У ФУНКЦІЇ ВТОРИННОГО ПРЕДИКАТА У ТЕКСТІ БІОГРАФІЇ АРТАКСЕРКСА ПЛУТАРХА: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВІДТВОРЕННЯ У ПЕРЕКЛАДІ НОВОГРЕЦЬКОЮ МОВОЮ

In the article, infi nitives in the function of the secondary predicate, in particular, in the syntactic constructions Accusativus cum infi nitivo, Nominativus cum infi nitivo and in subordinate clauses with the conjunctions ὥστε and πρίν in the text of the biography of Artaxerxes by Plutarch are considered. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the descriptive method (for inventory, classifi cation and grammatical interpretation of infi nitives) and comparative analysis (for identifi cation of grammatical transformations of the ancient Greek infi nitive in New Greek translation and for assessment of their compliance with the original forms) were used. Elements of quantitative analysis have also been involved (to determine the main transformational means of translating infi nitives). The analysis has shown that the infi nitive as an non-fi nite form of the verb is rendered as a fi nite one, the most typical variant of translating the infi nitive in the construction Accusativus cum infi nitivo, in subordinate temporal clauses with the conjunction πρίν, and in the majority of clauses of result with the conjunction ώστε being conditional mood with the particle να (60 %). Infi nitives in the construction Nominativus cum infi nitivо and partly in subordinate clauses with the conjunction ώστε are usually translated by indicatives (35 %); in some cases the infi nitive is reproduced by descriptive expressions (5 %). Grammatical transformations are combined with lexical ones. In the translation, the same verb (15 %) as in Old Greek can be used, or it can be replaced by a synonymous verb (85 %) of New Greek due to the limited use of the corresponding Old Greek words in New Greek or their disappearance. Therefore, the absence of infi nitives in New Greek is represented in translation by other means and techniques, which have an equivalent semantic load and can adequately reproduce the meaning of a sentence with an infi nitive construction, and thus to render Plutarch’s literary passion for multifaceted action and information capacity of the text. Key words: Accusativus cum infi nitivo, Nominativus cum infi nitivo, subordinate clauses with conjunctions ὥστε and πρίν, translation, conditional mood with particle να, indicative mood, descriptive expression.

СТАН СУЧАСНОГО ПЕРЕКЛАДОЗНАВСТВА У СЛОВАЧЧИНІ

The article reveals the main achievements of the modern Slovak school of translation studies in the fi elds of theory, history, criticism and didactics of translation. In today’s Slovakia translation research is concentrated in four academic centres: the Slovak Academy of Arts and Sciences in Bratislava as well as the Universities of Banska Bystrica, Nitra and Presov. Slovak researchers are developing a number of partial theories of translation, including the theory of audiovisual translation and the theory of translation competencies. Interestingly, machine translation is also well-studied, although the topic might be neglected as the number of Slovak speakers is not so numerous. Researchers are very active in studying the history of translation, especially in the fi eld of biography studies. History studies apply the methodology of sociological research which help to evaluate the reception of foreign literatures in various perspectives. On the basis of judging books in translation, translation criticism does not seem to be very popular as a research topic, although the publication of the specialized journal “Kritika prekladu” will defi nitely stimulate this domain. Ukrainian studies in Slovakia – including the domain of translation studies – also have a strong position due to the scholars of Prešov University. This can be explained by long and fruitful academic traditions of the Ukrainian autochthonous community. Within the last decade, the researchers of Ukrainian background also contributed to translation studies in the areas of the cultural theory of translation and court interpreting and translation. Although there are a number of books in translation, publishing eff orts have some problems as well, i. e. the small volume of monographic editions, which sometimes resemble a lengthy article rather than a book. The books are published not only in print, but also in electronic format and online which will facilitate the availability of these publications to much wider readership. Key words: Slovakia, translation theory, translation history, audiovisual translation, Ukrainian studies.

CULTURALLY SPECIFIC SENSE OF SIMILE IN TRANSLATION (A CASE STUDY OF THE FLORA NAMES LEAF, TREE IN UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH)

Culturally specifi c images and symbols are ethnic semantics carriers. They show historical, national and cultural experience of the nation. The translation studies analysis of similes with a fl ora name, verbalised in the Ukrainian-English language pair, enables tracing the peculiarities of culturally specifi c images and concepts. The article investigates, analyses and gives detailed characteristic of the notion of the culturally specifi c sense as an element of the actual sense of simile, peculiarities of universal and nationally specifi c attributes being the result of the national conceptualisation of a corresponding fl ora object (leaf, tree) in the consciousness of Ukrainian and English speakers. Translation studies analysis is applied aiming at revealing the ways of rendering the culturally specifi c sense in similes with a fl ora name (leaf, tree). Ways of translating simile with the utmost load of cultural information rendering are discussed. Key words: simile, fl ora name, translation, culturally specifi c sense, ways of translation

FEMINISM AND BIBLE TRANSLATION

The article considers the development of translation ideas as viewed from a gender-studies perspective. The author elucidates three lines of feminist approach towards the Bible, namely: its rejection as the book refl ecting the masculine bias; the application of gender critique in order to make manifest and subsequently deconstruct its patriarchal nature; the use of “depatriarchalizing principle” which lies in the close reading of the Bible in order to reveal its true meaning of equality. The last approach entails signifi cant implications and possibilities for translators who can make the Bible “inclusive” and its women visible. Key words: feminism, gender studies, Bible translation, inclusive language, depatriarchalizing principle, gender-neutral translation.

СЕМАНТИКО-КОМУНІКАТИВНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ЛЕКСИКИ ПОЗИТИВНОЇ ОЦІНКИ В СУЧАСНІЙ АНГЛІЙСЬКІЙ МОВІ

The article deals with the content space of positive assessment in modern English, which is formed under the infl uence of the type of assessment (moral and ethical, aesthetic, intellectual, social, emotional as well as the assessment of physical and empirical characteristics of the evaluation object), the obje ct of evaluation (person / non-person), and the nominative plane of subjects, actions and qualities that can potentially be positively assessed. The units used to positively assess moral, ethical, and emotional characteristics of the evaluation object correlate with the object of the “person” assessment, and units that correlate with a positive assessment of empirical features correlate with the object of the “non-person” assessment. The study reported in the article was conducted at the lexical and semantic levels. Semantics of the content plane of positive assessment is mainly laid down by three main verb ideas of “love”, “appreciate”, “improve”. Common for all parts of nominative thematic spheres are “love”, “friendship”, “pleasure”, “intelligence”, “harmonicity”, “respect” and others. The largest number of thematic planes can be noticed in adjectives and adverbs. Analysis at the lexemic level proved that multivalued words, in which all values would be evaluated, are rather few. In most cases, the evaluative value appears in the vocabulary of positive evaluation as the main one. Only in a small number of lexemes, semantic variants are formed in the process of development of semantic structure of lexemes. Within the semantic structure, lexemes are sometimes combined by semantic variants, which have an opposite score. All this indicates that the assessment in a number of cases is secondary: it is formed as an indication of the secondary characteristcs of the sign. If the score is at the “top” of a lexeme’s semantics, it can usually be applied to a large number of disparity characteristics of various objects. The assessment depends greatly on the situation in which it is used, that is, on the contextual environment and the nature of the speech act. Sociolinguistic aspects of communication as well as expressive stylistic color of the speech act play a special role in the variability of speech assessments. Adjectives that express the assessment and indicate any sign of the subject more often than other parts of the language are independently used to form the evaluative context. However, a signifi cant number of estimated nouns and verbs rarely appear in the context of isolation. These words require the explication of the estimated signs of the reference, which creates the possibility of sharing the evaluated words of diff erent parts of the language in the same context. Key words: vocabulary of positive semantics, register, semantic space, “plus-score”, melioration, derogativeness.

ЛЕКСИКО-СТИЛІСТИЧНІ ОЗНАКИ КОНФЕСІЙНОЇ СФЕРИ В АНГЛІЙСЬКІЙ ТА УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВАХ: ЗІСТАВНИЙ АСПЕКТ (ЧАСТИНА 2)

The paper deals with the contrastive analysis of the Ukrainian (Ivan Ohiyenko) and English (King James Bible) translations of the Old Testament (Genesis, Chapter 1) with the purpose to establish their comparative lexical and stylistic features. The assessment of the stylistic devices in the Ukrainian (UTT) and English (ETT) target texts proves a high degree of their similarity. There is a considerable parallelism in the use of repetition, paraphrase, aphorisms, generic nouns, stylistically coloured lexemes, rhetorical address and homogenous elements’ structure. The polysyndeton is a distinctive feature of both texts as well as gradation and a systematic use of archaic or unusual words. The dissimilarities of the two texts include alliterative repetition in verse 10, a double-focus repetition and a weakened polysyndeton in verse 29 in ETT, repetition in ETT (verses 14-15) which appeared to be impossible in UTT due to the specifi c structure used there and the strengthened verb repetition in the refrain of each period in UTT. Other distinctions include a systematic use of the state verb (be) in ETT, whereas the UTT utilizes a range of dynamic verbs indicating the transition from one state to another; the use of two monotypic metaphors in ETT, as compared to neutral lexemes in UTT; or, conversely, the ETT counterpart of an elevated style word is stylistically neutral in UTT. Another divergence is the use of parceling in ETT, which shifts the stylistic emphasis to the parceled fragment, while in the UTT the preference is given to the double synonymic structure; the use of archaism, metaphor and synecdoche in ETT whereas they are absent in UTT. Other unilaterally used stylistic devices include personifi cation in ETT versus alliteration and assonance in UTT; the use of an infi nitive stricture in ETT and a verbal noun in UTT to render purpose; greater variability of attributes (prepositional, postpositional, subordinate clauses), as well as lexical stylistic means in UTT; greater phonetic and lexical diversity of generalizing attributes in UTT. Overall, a somewhat greater variety of lexical stylistic means in UTT may be assumed, although it can hardly be regarded as the latter’s advantage because the standards of stylistic acceptability substantially vary in diff erent languages and cultures. The scope of further research is outlined. Key words: English and Ukrainian languages, Bible (Genesis), comparative stylistics, comparative lexicology, confessional style, teaching translation and interpreting, comparative lexical and stylistic analysis, lexical and stylistic features.

СТИЛІСТИЧНО МАРКОВАНА ЛЕКСИКА В РОМАНІ ТОМАСА БРУССІҐА “АM KÜRZEREN ЕNDE DER SONNENALLEE” ТА ЇЇ ВІДТВОРЕННЯ В УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ ПЕРЕКЛАДІ

The article deals with problems of literary translation on the lexical level. Translation strategies and techniques used to reproduce stylistically marked words and expressions of Thomas Brussig’s novel “Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee” and the equivalency of their functions in the Ukrainian translation are explored. The word choice of the well known German author targeted at creating humorous or satirical tone in his novels constitutes his own individual style which is diffi cult to reproduce in other languages. That is why each new translation of his novel arouses a great interest of linguists and translatologists. The purpose of this article, therefore, was to classify the stylistically coloured vocabulary of the novel and to examine the lexical and stylistical choices of the translator S. Onufriv, especially the means chosen to render dialectisms, slang and jargon expressions, historical words from the GDR time, expressive personal nicknames, and denominations into Ukrainian. The main terms used in this article to describe the relation between the original text and its translation are “stylistic equivalency” and “stylistic density”, their application being explained based on the linguistic theories of translation (Fedorov, Retsker, Koller, Reiß). In the article, the comparative and descriptive methods as well as the quantitative estimations were used. Seven text fragments with 123 stylistically coloured expressions of lower register were chosen for our analysis. It revealed a higher stylistic density of the Ukrainian translation compared to the German text due to the use of stylistically lower vocabulary and Ukrainian dialect words used to substitute stylistically neutral words of the German author: 181 coloured words and expressions were found. The most important translation issues regarding the reproduction of dialect, slang words and of expressive names were defi ned. It was discovered that the eff ect caused by combining words of diff erent registers (formal and casual) had been lost in translation. Full stylistic equivalency of the youth slang translation as well as features of individual translator’s style were revealed. Several suggestions were made on how to avoid word-to-word translation in some places of the analyzed text fragments. To obtain the whole picture of formal translation equivalency, the tasks for further equivalency studies on other text levels were formulated. Key words: stylistically marked words and expressions, dialectisms, slang expressions, expressive personal nicknames and denominations, translation, stylistic equivalency, stylistic density