Effects of Pulse Voltage Duration on Open–Close Dynamic Characteristics of Solenoid Screw-In Cartridge Valves

The hydraulic high-speed on/off valve (HSV)—the critical core component of digital hydraulic technology—has a special structural design and manufacture due to its fast opening and closing, which results in high prices and maintenance costs. The solenoid screw-in cartridge valve (SCV) is widely used in the hydraulic industry because of its merits, such as mature technology, reliable quality, and low cost. The contribution of this study is to replace the high-speed on/off valve with the SCV in some areas of application by introducing positive and negative pulse voltage control for the coil of the SCV, which only modifies the control circuit and needs no change in structure. Based on the analysis of the structure of the SCV, the simulation model was developed in AMESim and validated by experiments to investigate the effects of the pulse voltage duration on the open–close dynamic characteristics and find the optimal pulse voltage duration, so that the SCV can open or close in the shortest time to reduce energy loss as far as possible. The simulation results showed that the positive and negative pulse voltage could quicken the rising or declining speed of the coil current and dramatically decrease the opening and closing delay time. By the experimental comparison with the original control method, the opening time of the SCV decreased from 30 ms to 13 ms, and the closing time was reduced from 139 ms to 14 ms.

Research on Analysis and Classification of Vulnerability of Electromagnetic Pulse with a STM32 Single-Chip Microcomputer

With the continuous development of information technology, the performance of the entire traditional electrical system is gradually optimized. Nowadays, the single-chip technology is an important part of the traditional electrical system because it determines the operating quality of the entire traditional system. However, due to the electromagnetic pulse, the single-chip microcomputer system may be interfered with malfunction or damage, which seriously affects its performance. Therefore, to investigate the impact of an electromagnetic pulse on a single-chip microcomputer system, in this research work, we have used a STM32 single-chip microcomputer as the research object by setting up multiple sets of STM32 single-chip microcomputer serial communication systems. Besides, we have conducted an electromagnetic pulse vulnerability experiment using the inductive coupling inject method which has improved the antielectromagnetic pulse capacity of the STM32 single-chip serial communication system. The experimental results show that the damage threshold of the single-chip microcomputer with positive pulse injection is greater than the negative pulse injection, which indicates that the serial communication system of the STM32 single-chip microcomputer is more sensitive to the negative pulse injection. Moreover, this research work is of great significance to evaluate more accurately the viability and anti-interference capability of a single-chip microcomputer system under the action of electromagnetic pulse.

Research on Electrochemical Machining of Deep Small Holes with Positive and Negative Pulse Power

Background: High-temperature alloy such as nickel-based alloy has become the main material for core components such as aero engines due to their high strength and good toughness. Therefore, it is of great significance to study how to improve the machining accuracy and stability of electrochemical machining (ECM) of deep small holes on the nickel-based alloy. The instantaneous high-density current during the pulse width of pulse ECM is beneficial to the dissolution of metal workpieces. Many experts and scholars have studied the pulse ECM of deep small holes. Objective: The purpose of this article is to propose and design a Positive And Negative Pulse (PANP) power supply to study the accuracy and stability of ECM of deep small holes on nickel-based alloys. Methods: First of all, an H-bridge composed of four MOSFET switches is designed to achieve PANP output in the main circuit of the power supply. Then, this paper studies the influence of the ratio of positive and negative pulses on short circuits, the influence of the ratio of positive and negative pulses on the mass removal rate, and the influence of the electrolyte concentration and pulse width on the mass removal rate. Finally, according to the obtained optimal parameters, the influence of electrolyte pressure on the average radial overcut of hole depth is analyzed. Results: The experimental results showed that the short-circuit frequency is reduced by more than 50% compared with non-negative pulse power supply; the ratio of positive and negative pulses, pulse width and electrolyte concentration and pressure were optimized by experiments to improve the mass removal rate of the workpiece and the average radial overcut of hole depth. Conclusion: The designed PANP power supply can improve the machining accuracy and stability of ECM of deep small holes on nickel-based alloys.

Development of a 2-D Array Ultrasonic Transducer for 3-D Imaging of Objects Immersed in Water

Most works that address 2-D array ultrasonic transducers for underwater applications are about the geometry aspects of the array and beamforming techniques to make 3-D images. They look for techniques to reduce the number of elements from wide apertures, maintaining the side lobes and the grating lobes at acceptable levels, but not many details about the materials and fabrication processes are described. To overcome these gaps, this paper presents in detail the development of a 2-D array ultrasonic transducer prototype that can individually emit and receive ultrasonic pulses to make 3-D images of immersed reflectors within a volume of interest (VOI). It consists of a 4 × 4 matrix ultrasonic transducer with a central frequency of 480 kHz. Each element is a 5 mm sided square cut into a 1–3 piezocomposite. The center-to-center distance of two contiguous elements (pitch) was chosen to be greater than half wavelength, to increase the amplitude of emission and reception of signals with larger elements. Artifacts generated by grating lobes were avoided by restricting the field of view in the azimuth and elevation directions within 40° × 40° and applying the sign coherence factor (SCF) filter. Two types of backing layer materials were tested, one with air and another made of epoxy resin, on the transducers called T1 and T2, respectively. The pulse echoes measured with T1 had 2.6 dB higher amplitude than those measured with T2, and the bandwidths were 54% and 50% @ −6 dB, respectively, exciting the element with a single rectangular negative pulse. The 3-D images obtained with full matrix capture (FMC) data sets acquired of objects from 0.2 to 1.15 m motivate the development of a 2-D array transducer with more elements, to increase the angular resolution and the range.

Theoretical Comparison of Test Performance of Different Pulse Decay Methods for Unconventional Cores

Various pulse decay methods are proposed to test tight cores. These methods can be divided into three types. This study compares the performance of these methods to test the permeability of unconventional cores in terms of homogeneous cores, dual-medium cores, and gas adsorption, including the pressure equilibrium time, possible errors caused by conventional analysis methods, and reflections on the characteristics of dual-media. Studies shows that the two test methods with an antisymmetric relationship in the boundary conditions have basically identical test performance. When testing homogeneous cores, regardless of whether the gas is adsorptive or not, the pressure equilibrium time of the first type of method is approximately half of that of the second type of method. The dual-medium parameters seriously affect the pressure equilibrium time of different methods, which may cause the difference of order of magnitude. For homogeneous cores, the permeability errors of the first and second types of methods caused by porosity errors are similar and larger than that of the third type of method. For dual media, the fracture permeability obtained by the third type of method using the conventional analysis method may differ from the actual value by tens of times. No method can significantly eliminate the sorption effect. When the core is a dual-medium, only the pressure curves of the upstream positive-pulse method, downstream negative-pulse method and one-chamber method can reflect the characteristics of dual media. The pressure derivative of the one-chamber method cannot reflect the characteristics of dual media at the early time. The pressure derivative of the second type and the upstream positive-pulse downstream negative-pulse method can reflect the complete characteristics of dual media, but their pressure derivative of the constant-slope segment is small, and the interporosity flow parameter may not be identified.

TCV-like event induced by positive-negative pulse pair of solar wind dynamic pressure

<p>Both simulations and observations had shown that step function-like increase/decrease of solar wind dynamic pressure pulse would excite flow vortex pairs in the dawn and dusk high latitude ionosphere simultaneously. However, some plasma structures, hot flow anomaly, sheath jets etc. existing in the solar wind or magnetosheath are often accompanied with spike-like changes of the dynamic pressure. Whether they can drive the ionospheric vortices or not is still unclear. In this work we report a traveling convection vortex like (TCV-like) event that was induced by a positive-negative pulse pair of dynamic pressure(△p/p~1) accompanying a large scale (~9min) magnetic hole in the solar wind. It is found that following the magnetic hole, two traveling convection vortices first in anticlockwise then in clockwise rotation were detected by geomagnetic stations located along the 10:30MLT meridian. Meanwhile, another pair of ionospheric vortices azimuthally seen up to 3 MLT first in clockwise then in anticlockwise rotation were appeared in the afternoon sector (~14MLT) centered at ~75MLAT with a trend of poleward moving. The duskside vortices were also confirmed by SuperDARN radar data. The processes following magnetosphere struck by a positive-negative pulse pair were simulated and it found that two pairs of flow vortices in the dawn and dusk magnetosphere may provide the field-aligned currents(FACs) required for the flow/current vortices observed in ionosphere. This work provides a way to understand how the momentum and energy injects to the ionosphere under spike-like dynamic pressures imposing on the magnetosphere.</p>