Види рослин і лишайників Кий-острова в Гербарії Національного лісотехнічного університету України (LWFU)

Кий-острів, що розташований в Онезькій затоці Білого моря (географічні координати 64°00′ п. ш., 37°53′ с. д.) – це виступ гранітної плити, яка залягає на незначній глибині і виходить на поверхню моря у вигляді скель. Геоморфологічні та кліматичні особливості острова, близькість до Північного полярного кола та Арктичної області, зумовили формування на ньому своєрідних природних комплексів, де переважають соснові ліси. Виконані в липні 1984 р. серії описів лісових біоценозів острова дали змогу встановити як основні типи цих лісів (сосняк лишайниковый скальный, сосняк лишайниковый каменистый, сосняк лишайниковый багульниково-вересковый на вершинах сельг [Kucherov, Zverev, 2012; Rupestrian landscapes…, 2008; Rysin, 1975]), так і відповідні їм типи асоціацій (Pinetum cladinosum petraeum, Myrtillus-Calluna-Cladina-Typ, Pinetum uliginosi-vaccinioso-ledosum). Наведений перелік домінантних видів рослин і лишайників нижніх ярусів лісових біоценозів демонструє наявність у їх складі характерних представників бореальної та гіпоарктичної флори. Найбільша частина з них – це класичні бореальні види: Andromeda polifolia L., Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench, Ledum palustre L., Linnaea borealis L., Nardus stricta L. та інші. На другій позиції знаходяться гіпоарктичні види, серед яких Betula nana L., Rubus arcticus L., Rubus chamaemorus L., Cornus suecica L. На поверхнях скель високу частку складають представники відділу Lichenomycota – характерні елементи північних та південних лишайникових тундр, а саме: Cladonia stellaris (Opiz) Pouzar & Vězda, Cladonia sylvatica (L.) Hoffm., Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg., Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach., Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd. Зібраний гербарний матеріал (45 зразків 16-ти таксонів) достатньою мірою відображає найбільш характерні риси біоти скельних сосняків Кий-острова та являє собою єдину колекцію видів з північної тайги європейської частини Росії в Гербарії Національного лісотехнічного університету України, який офіційно зареєстрований в міжнародних базах даних під акронімом LWFU.

COMPLEXES OF CHAMAEDAPHNE CALYCULATA (L.) MOENCH FLAVONOIDS IN OLIGOTROPHIC BOGS OF THE MIDDLE OB RIVER

The high-performance liquid chromatographyspectra of metaboloms from the coenopopulations of Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench, found in the oligotrophic bogs of the Middle Ob, were compared. The studied coenopopulations formed 21 to 41 peaks in the chromatograms. The peaks differed by exit time. After summing up the peaks for Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench at the chromatograms, their number reached 108. The results point at a high probability of neutralist mechanismsparticipating in formation of the flavonoid spectra of the coenopopulations. The biodivercity of flavonoids may form regional (geographical) foodstuffs depending on ecological conditions of the region.

The Morphological Features and Biology of a Relict and Endangered Woody Plant Species: Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench (Ericaceae)

Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench is a rare post-glacial relic, which reaches the south-western boundary of its European range in Poland. However, little is known about the morphology and biology of this species. In this study a biometric analysis of assimilating leaves and general morphological appearance was carried out; flowering, fruiting, and seed production in a natural site were described and the ability of seed germination was determined after varied seed storage time at 0–2, 2–4, 6–8, and 21–23 °C. A quite large intrapopulation variability was found as regards the features under analysis. The most varied features included the length of the petiole, followed by the leaf blade area, while the length to the width of the leaf blade was the least varied feature. C. calyculata flowered abundantly and about 50% developed flowers turned into fruits. On average there were 56 seeds per fruit with a predominance of mature seeds. The length of the seed storage time had a significant effect on all parameters of the germination process. The temperature at which the seeds were stored, apart from the time to maximum germination parameter, had a significant effect on other parameters of the germination process. Interactions between the seeds storage time and temperature factors were observed only for germination percentage, germination index, and germination index rate parameters. The ability of seeds to germinate, non-creation of the seed bank and other results of the research provide new information necessary for planning and carrying out conservation procedures (including active conservation in ex situ conditions).

The dynamic of live ground vegetation in different pine plantations of drained, passed by felling

Эксперименты с рубками в условиях осушаемых сосняков имели целью исследовать восстановительные реакции на разреживание древостоя со стороны всего фитоценоза, включая и живой напочвенный покров. Опытные рубки проводились через 17 лет после лесомелиоративных работ на интенсивно осушаемых участках верхового болота, с максимальным расстоянием между каналами 65 м. Для учёта изменения видового состава растений живого напочвенного покрова и их проективного покрытия в ответ на разреживание древостоя, закладывались учётные площадки размером 1´1 м равномерно по участку в количестве не менее 20 площадок на каждой пробной площади. Общее проективное покрытие травяно-кустарничкового яруса в первые 15 лет на изреженных участках по сравнению с контрольными возросло в 1,5-2 раза, причём в основном за счёт трёх видов - Ledum palustre, Chamaedaphne calyculata и Eriophorum vaginatum. Это свидетельствует об активизации их ресурсосберегающей функции. Через 30 лет после проведения разреживаний на всех вариантах опыта наблюдалось снижение обилия растений травяно-кустарничкового яруса. В первые 15 лет после рубки на большинстве разреженных участков происходила экспансия сфагновых мхов (Sphаgnum angustifolium, S. magellanicum, S. fuscum). Их проективное покрытие было выше в 1,5-3,7 раза по сравнению с соответствующим контролем. Одновременно произошло снижение проективного покрытия зелёных мхов (Dicranum polysetum, Dicranum scoparium, Pleurozium schreberii). Лишайники практически отсутствовали. Через 30 лет после рубок установлено снижение присутствия растений мохово-лишайникового яруса на всех вариантах опыта. Уменьшение проективного покрытия обоих ярусов можно объяснить увеличением полноты и сомкнутости крон древостоев, усилением их роста, в том числе за счёт потепления климата в последние десятилетия. Разреживание древостоев на осушаемом верховом торфянике практически не увеличило разнообразие видового состава живого напочвенного покрова за 30 лет, прошедших после рубок, даже на предельно интенсивно осушаемых участках (расстояние между каналами 20-45 м). Несмотря на длительную экспансию сфагновых мхов на разреженных участках, функцию стабилизации, а затем усиления биологического круговорота активно поддерживали омоложенный древостой, остающийся эдификатором лесного биогеоценоза, подрост сосны и берёзы. Ресурсосберегающую функцию в первые десятилетия после рубок выполняли болотные кустарнички и пушица. Зеленые мхи активно вытеснялись сфагновыми, но с течением времени восстанавливали свои позиции. Древостой приобрёл новые качества в соответствии с целью проведения комплексной рубки: он имеет лучшую возрастную и товарную структуру. Experimenting with logging in conditions of drained pine were aimed on investigation of the regenerative response on stand thinning from whole phytocenosis, including live ground cover. Experimental thinning was conducted through the 17 years after forest melioration works on intensively drained areas of peat bogs with maximum distance between ditches 65 m. To account changes in the species composition of plants live ground vegetation and their projective cover in response to thinning of forest stand accounting plots with size of 1´1 m were distributed evenly of the area for at least 20 accounting plots for each experimental plot. General projective cover of herbs and shrubs layer during the first 15 years at the thinned plots in comparison with control plots increased in 1.5-2 times, mostly at the expense of three species Ledum palustre, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Eriophorum vaginatum. This is indicate on the intensifying of their resource-saving function. After 30 years from thinning on all experimental plots the decreasing of plants abundance of herbs-shrubs layer was obserwed. In the first 15 years after thinning on the most thinned plots there was expansion of Sphagnum mosses (Sphagnum angustifolium, S. magellanicum, S. fuscum). Their projective cover was higher in 1.5-3.7 times comparatively with corresponded control. At the same time there was a decrease of the projective cover of green mosses (Dicranum polysetum, D. scoparium, Pleurocium schreberi). Lichens are almost were not present. Over 30 years after thinning the decrease of the presence of plants in mosses-lichens layer was established for all variants of experiment. Reduction of the projective cover for both layers can be explained by the increase of stand density and crown density, increasing their growth, including reason of climate warming in last decades. Thinning of stands on the drained oligotrophic peatbog practicaly not increased the diversity of species composition of ground vegetation cover for 30 years after thinning, even on extremely intensively drained areas (with distance between ditches 20-45 m). Despite a long expansion of Sphagnum mosses on the thinned plots, a feature of stabilization, and then enhance of biological cycle, actively supported by rejuvinated stand, remaining as edificatory of forest biogeocenosis, as well as undergrowth of pine and birch. Resource-saving function in the first decades after thinning bushes and Eriophorum vaginatum at the peat bog were fulfiled. Green mosses actively pushed away by Sphagnum mosses, but over time their position was restored. Stand aquired new qualities in accordance with the objective of an complex cutting: it has better age and sortment structure. Keywords: pine plantations on drained bogs, complete logs, live ground cover.

SWAMP MOKHOVOE AROUND R.P. GLOTOVKA INZA DISTRICT OF THE ULYANOVSK REGION - A VALUABLE BOTANICAL OBJECT

On the territory of the Ulyanovsk region upland sphagnum bogs are rare plant communities. For the first time a description of the flora upland sphagnum bogs Mokhovoe 1.5 km south of the r.p. Glotovka Inza district of the Ulyanovsk region. This is valuable in the Ulyanovsk region mount, oligotrophic bogs with birch and shrub-cotton grass-sphagnum phytocenoses not previously been studied by experts. For the first time we present data on the flora of the object. Found 20 species of plants, of which 4 (Utricularia vulgaris L., Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench., Охусоссus palustris Pers., Drosera rotundifolia L.) are included in the Red book of the Ulyanovsk region, and 3 types (Chamaedaphne calyculata, Охусоссus palustris и Drosera rotundifolia) are relic. Of particular interest is the vegetation quagmire, which is located in the center of the marshes and the water is separated from the main beach. It is here preserved valuable boreal complexes having great scientific interest. Total flora quagmire are 11 species of vascular plants, including rare and medicinal species Eriophorum vaginatum L., Сarex lasiocarpa Ehrh., Menyanthes trifoliata L. and Comarum palustre L. Dominated by two associations: Betula pubescens +Chamaedaphne calyculata +Eriophorum vaginatum + Sphagnum and Сarex lasiocarpa + Eriophorum vaginatum + Охусоссus palustris + Sphagnum. To preserve this unique natural site with rare plant species and communities needs careful protection at the regional level. Swamp Mokhovoe recommended to us for inclusion in the protected areas of the Ulyanovsk region.

Biogeographic relationships between fungi and selected glacial relict plants

The paper discusses fungi of 24 glacial relict plants: <em>Arenaria ciliata</em> L. subsp. <em>ciliata, Betula nana</em> L., <em>B. pubescens</em> Ehrh. subsp. carpatica (Willd.) Asch. &amp; Graebn., <em>B. pubescens</em> subsp. <em>czerepanovii</em> (N.I. Orlova) Hämet-Ahti, <em>C. magellanica</em> Lam. subsp. <em>irrigua</em> (Wahlenb.) Hiitonen, <em>Carex rupestris</em> All., <em>Cerastium alpinum</em> L., <em>C. cerastoides</em> (L.) Britton, <em>C. eriophorum</em> Kit. in Schult., <em>Chamaedaphne calyculata</em> (L.) Moench, <em>Dryas drummondii</em> Richards, <em>D. grandis</em> Juz., <em>D. integrifolia</em> Vahl., <em>D. octopetala</em> L. s.l., <em>Empetrum hermaphroditum</em> Hagerup, <em>E. nigrum</em> L., <em>Juncus trifidus</em> L., <em>Loiseleuria procumbens</em> (L.) Desv., <em>Pedicularis sudetica</em> Willd., <em>Rubus chamaemorus</em> L., <em>Salix herbacea</em> L., <em>S. lapponum</em> L., <em>S. reticulata</em> L., and <em>Saxifraga nivalis</em> L., The work is attempt at application of some fungi (<em>Ascomycota, Chytridiales, Ustilaginales, Uredinales</em>, mitosporic fungi) as guides in vascular plant phytogeography and explanation of the origin of selected glacial relict plants. Parasites and exclusive (specialized) for particular host plant species are the most important fungi for biogeographic analysis. A fungal markers method (FMM) was used. The fungi and host plants for the present study were collected in the mountains and peat bogs of Poland, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Slovakia, Sweden, Russia and Ukraine. Also materials from Austria, Canada, France, Greenland, Korea, Spitsbergen, Switzerland and U.S.A. were examined. A total of 254 taxa of fungi were collected from 1329 localities investigated. Exclusive species of fungi for all examined host plants have been distinguished. Only <em>Dryas octopetala</em> s.l., <em>D. integrifolia, Empetrum nigrum, E. hermaphroditum, Chamaedaphne calyculata</em> and <em>Rubus chamaemorus</em> possess a number of exclusive species sufficient for analysis. In some cases it was possible to define the direction of migration of the host plants (<em>Betula nana, Juncus trifidus, Dryas octopetala</em> s.l.) on the basis of mycological data. For dryads the extremely High Arctic track is more important than the Middle Arctic or Low Arctic ones. The waves of migrants moved from the East via Spitsbergen to-wards Greenland. <em>Dryas octopetala</em> seems to have reached the Carpathians from the West. Relative age of some fungi has been estimated. Wide circumpolar and alpine distribution points out that <em>Isothea rhytismoides</em> (Bab. ex Berk.) Fr. is one of the oldest dryadicolous fungi. The limited ranges of <em>Sphaerotheca volkartii</em> Blumer, <em>Synchytrium cupulatum</em> Thomas, <em>Hypoderma dryadis</em> Nannf.: L. Holm, and <em>Epipolaeum absconditum</em> (Johanson) L. Holm indicate a relatively young age of these species. A four new taxa i.e. <em>Lachnum uralense, Leptosphaentlina sibirica, Melanomma margaretae</em> and <em>Tiarospora pirozynskii</em> are described and illustrated. 27 species arę for the first time reported from Poland.