Comparative GC-MS analysis of the composition of metabolites of aboveground and underground parts of Comarum palustre L

Introduction. Understanding the mechanisms of accumulation of individual groups of biologically active substances in promising types of plant raw materials and the possibility of predicting them is important for solving fundamental and applied problems of pharmaceuticals. To date, differences have been revealed in the qualitative and quantitative composition of secondary metabolites in the aboveground and underground of Comarum palustre L., however, the issue remains unstudied.Aim. Comparative metabolomic study of the composition of the primary metabolites of the aboveground and underground parts of Comarum palustre L.Materials and methods. The object of the study was the aboveground and underground parts of Comarum palustre L., harvested in the vicinity of the nursery of medicinal plants of the St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University (Leningrad Region, Vsevolozhsky District, Priozerskoe Highway, 38 km) in 2019 and dried. Metabolomic studies based on GC-MS method was perfomed. A statistical analysis based on the MetaboAnalyst 5.0 platform was used.Results and discussion. Analysis of the chromatograms obtained using the GC-MS method revealed the content of 933 primary metabolites in the aboveground and underground parts of Comarum palustre L., 120 of which were identified. Using a number of statistical methods, 10 metabolites from monosaccharides, acids and alcohols, making the greatest contribution to the manifestation of differences between the studied samples, were identified.Conclusion. The study revealed the relationship between the composition of primary and secondary metabolites in medicinal plant raw materials.

Forest typological and botanical features of «Mozh river valley» as the object of Emerald Network

Ecological and coenotic properties are given and the environmental importance of natural complexes of the Emerald Network of Ukraine «Mozh river valley» (UA0000299 Mozh river valley) in Kharkiv region is highlighted. The object is located in the valley of the Mozh River — a right-bank tributary of the Siverskyi Donets River (Don River Basin) and covers 12658.48 hectares; moreover this area has hardly undergone changes due to land reclamation measures. In addition, the emerald object includes the reserves of local significance «Mirgorodsky» and «Merefyansky», as well as the wetland «Zaplava r. Mzha». The investigated object currently represents a complex of various identified settlements from Resolution 4 of the Berne Convention (C1.222, C1.224, C1.225, C1.32, C1.33, C2.33, C2.34, D5.2, D6.1, E2.2, E3.4, E5.4, F9.1, F3.247, F3.4, G1.11, G1.36, G1.414, G1.51, G3.4232, G1.A1), which have natural-historical and geomorphological dependance. The main ecological and biotic features, areas and list of main plant species are given for them. In the studied area there are populations of rare species of vascular plants that have different sozological status. Annex I to Resolution 6 of the Bern Convention includes Jurinea cyanoides and Pulsatilla patens, and a number of species have state preservation status in Ukraine (Salvinia natans, Dactylorhisa incarnatа, D. fuchsia, D. majalis, Orchis palustris, Gladiolus tenius, Fritillaria ruthenica, Tulipa quercetorum, Stipa borysthenica, Pulsatilla pratensis) and at the regional level (Polygonum bistorta, Valeriana officinalis, Parnassia palustris, Veratrum lobelianum, Thelypteris palustris, Dryopteris cristata, D. carthusiana, Athyrium filix-femina, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Comarum palustre, Carex pseudocyperus, Lycopodium clavatum, Orthila secunda, Rubus saxatilis, Dianthus stenocalyx). In case of increasing economic impact, the main conditions for the existence of natural complexes in this area is the necessity to streamline forest use, reduce the impact of a number of invasive tree and shrub species, and minimize the impact of drainage and plowing of floodplains. It is also necessary to regulate the stream of vacationers and reduce the degree of anthropogenic pressure on natural complexes.

PLANTS OF THE BOTSAD OF I.M. SECHENOV MOSCOW STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CAPABLE OF SUPPRESSING DENSITY-DEPENDENT COMMUNICATION OF MICROORGANISMS.

Purpose of research - specify plants in the Botanic garden with antiquorum activity. In the collection of the botanical garden there are plants with confirmed antiquorum activity: Quercus robur, Betula verrucosa, Ledum tomentosum, Salvia officinalis, Inula helenium, Calendula officinalis, Comarum palustre, Rosa majalis. The presence of anti-Quorum Sensing activity supposed in: Chelidonium majus, Maсleaya cordata, Ruta graveolens, Plantago major, Equisetum arvense, Thymus serpyllum, Thymus marschallianus, Thymus vulgaris. The use of drugs from these plants led to the elimination of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in the patient.

Communities with Myrica gale L. in mires of the Gulf of Finland coast (St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region)

Сommunities of Myrica gale L. (sweet gale), their ecology and geography in coastal mires of the Gulf of Finland within St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region on the Southeastern border of their range are described based on 70 relevés, made in 1981–2018. This species is included in the Red Data Books of Russia (2008), Leningrad Region (2018), St. Petersburg (2018), and Republic of Karelia (2007). The distribution of the communities in the studied area is as follows (Fig. 1) — the Yuntolovskiy reserve (the largest population), vicinity of the Lisiy Nos ­settlement, forest-park “Gagarka”, Tarkhovskiy Mys, Yuntolovskiy fo­rest-park (within St. Petersburg); vicinity of the Pesochnoe ­settlement, the Bolshoy Berye­zovyy Isl., near the port “Primorsk” (the Nor­thern coast of the Gulf of Finland) and the vicinity of Bolshaya Izhora ­settlement (Southern coast of the latter) in the Leningrad Region area. Communities are found mainly in coastal mires of various types (raised bogs, transitional mires, fens) in the place of former lagoons and in inter-dune depressions in different trophic conditions; most diverse in the last two. Communities are assigned into 12 associations, two of which with the shrub layer formed by Myrica gale. Sphagnetum myricosum galis is the most common association in transitional mires (Table 3). The communities are two-layers: Myrica gale shrub one and closed moss layer of Sphagnum species of diffe­rent ecological groups. The association is subdivided into 3 subassociations by dominanting Sphagnum species and groups of determinant species: sphagnosum angustifolii, sphagnosum flexuosi, and sphagnosum teretis. The communities of this association are located­ in newly formed mires, and their species composition is in the process of formation. These are succession stages between the fens and transitional mires. The ass. Myricetum caricosum lasiocarpae (table 4) includes communities of fens with close (50 to 80 %) Myrica gale shrub layer. Carex lasiocarpa is the dominant of the herb layer, in some communities there is the lower herb sublayer of Comarum palustre. There is no moss layer. Association Myricetum comaroso–betulosum with sparse Betula pubescens 5–12 m high tree layer is also recorded in fens (Table 4). Communities of the ass. Salicetum myricoso–paludiherbosum with the dominance of shrub willows and Myrica gale are rather widespread in coastal fens. They have closed (up to 100 %) shrub layer formed by various willows and M. gale. The composition and cover of paludal herbaceous species is variable, the only constant, sometimes abundant, species is Comarum palustre. The association is subdivided into 3 subassociations (salicosum phylicifoliae, salicosum phylicifoliae-myrsinifoliae and salicosum rosmarinifoliae-myrsinifoliae) according to the dominating willows and mire grasses. Besides the above associations with high abundance of Myrica gale, this species occurs with low abundance in the communities of other, often widespread mire associations, as their coastal variants (Tables 2–4). The discussed community types in the Leningrad Region and St. Petersburg have regional features and differ in species composition from the sweet gale communities of Western and Northern Europe. Due to the rarity in the European part of Russia communities with both low abundance and dominance of Myrica gale need protection as well as their habitats.

CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF COMARUM PALUSTRE L. AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

Marsh cinquefoil (Comarum palustre L.) is a perennial herb from the Rosaceae family. It has been used for long in folk medicine in form of infusions, tinctures and decoctions of the underground and aboveground parts of this plant. Nonetheless it is not a pharmacopoeial plant and requires additional research. The goal of this study was to review the existing literature data on the chemical composition of the aerial and underground organs of the marsh cinquefoil (Comarum palustre L.) and their pharmacological activity. Over the period from 1963 to the present, more than 130 components have been identified in the aboveground and underground parts of the marsh cinquefoil, mainly belonging to the group of phenolic compounds, tannins, fatty acids, polysaccharides and amino acids. Several aspects of pharmacological activity of the total extracts and individual secondary metabolites of the marsh cinquefoil have been studied; anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, nephroprotective, antiviral, antioxidant and other types of biological activity have been experimentally confirmed. Literature data analysis showed that the marsh cinquefoil represents a rich source of biologically active substances and is promising for the creation of new drugs, therefore, further study of its metabolites and their biological activity is of great interest.

SWEET SAWBERRY (Comarum Palustre L.) IN MEDICAL PRACTICE (literature review)

The review substantiates the use of biologically active substances of plant origin, derived from marsh saber, common on the territory of Russia – in various sections of clinical medicine. The General description and zones of its distribution, possibilities of extraction of Sabel-nick rhizomes are given. The chemical composition was charac-terized and the role of proanthocyanidins in the anti-inflammatory effects of sabelnik was clarified. The possibility of obtaining various medicinal forms of drugs from the rhizomes of sabelnik is shown. A well-known range of applications in medical practice for lesions of the musculoskeletal system, arthrosis and arthritis, nephropathy, after transurethral resection of the prostate, etc.

Cenopopulation dynamics of Cisbaikalia medicinal plants

The article provides information on the study of the dynamic processes occurring in cenopopulations of 16 species of medicinal plants used both in scientific and folk medicine (Achillea asiatica Serg., Artemisia frigida Willd., Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Holub, Comarum palustre L., Geranium pratense L., Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb., Fragaria orientalis Losinsk., Mentha arvensis L., Pulmonaria mollis Wulfen ex Hornem., Potentilla anserina L., Potentilla bifurca L., Ribes spicatum E. Robson, Rosa majalis Herrm., Rubus matsumuranus Levl. Et Vaniot, Spiraea salicifolia L., Vaccinium uliginosum L.): age coefficient, recovery index, development rate. Identification of the population confinement of species to existing ecological and coenotic conditions, determination of demographic parameters, study of the development dynamics, methods of self-maintenance and survival strategies serve as the basis for the rational use of plant resources. The stable and dynamically developing medicinal plant cenopopulations, with a high recovery index, with a tendency to develop towards rejuvenation, include the cenopopulations of Geranium pratense of the Ziminsky region, Pulmonaria mollis of the Alar and Irkutsk regions, Rubus matsumuranus of the Irkutsk region. The results of the analysis of the cenopopulation dynamics of the studied species made it possible to identify stable, dynamically developing cenopopulations and recommend them for use.

New data on the distribution of Menyanthes trifoliata, Carex limosa and Comarum palustre in "Torfeno Branishte" Reserve, "Vitosha" Natural Park, Bulgaria

"Torfeno Branishte" is a Reserve located in "Vitosha" Natural Park, Bulgaria. It was established in 1935 to preserve the peat communities in the high parts of Vitosha Mountain in their natural state. The reserve comprises Bulgaria’s most significant complex of high mountain peatlands. Their age is estimated to be over 1500 years old, and the thickness of the peat cover accumulated during that time can reach up to 2 meters in depth. Their current area is 785.3 hectares. Plant communities dominated or participated by Sphagnum L. and/or other peat-forming mosses are very sensitive to climate change and anthropogenic impact. They often house a large number of plant species with conservation significance. The purpose of this study is to provide new data on the distribution of three extremely rare and endangered plant species. During a field study in "Vitosha" Natural Park related to the selection of sites for monitoring and installation of permanent monitoring sites for climate change monitoring in nature reserve "Torfeno Branishte", two species were found that were considered extinct from the territory of the mountain – Menyanthes trifoliata L. and Carex limosa L. Both species are protected by the Biological Diversity Act and are included in the Red Data Book of Republic of Bulgaria (Peev 2015). Prior to this study, for decades they have been purposefully searched for with no positive result. As a result of this study, the number and population sizes of M. trifoliata and C. limosa were determined. In addition, the populations of Comarum palustre L. and Carex limosa L. that occur at the same location were found to be much larger than previously known. Population sizes of the three species are low, but still viable. The major threat to the well-being of these species is the drought.