Anthropometry of the Coracoid Process: Surgical Considerations in Arthroscopic Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction

Purposed: The purpose of this study was to measure the dimensions of the coracoid process from MRI imaging to find a safe area for drilling in arthroscopic coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction.Materials and methods: A retrospective study of patients who underwent MRI of the shoulder in our hospital between July 1, 2016 and June 31, 2018. Inclusion criteria included patients aged 20–60 years, BMI < 35 and height > 150 cm. Exclusion criteria included patients with a history of coracoid surgery, coracoid fracture or bone diseases affecting the coracoid bone. Measurement of the coracoid size was done in T1 MRI sagittal, coronal and axial views. Safe zone was defined as an area far from the medial and lateral base of the coracoid process, at least 5 mm each. Safe zone was then compared with the size of the drill hole to find an appropriately sized drill that would not violate the peripheral cortical coracoid bone.Results: Overall, 100 (male = 55, female = 45) patients were included in this study. Mean age, BMI and height of the patients were 48.5 years (range 22–58), 22.5 kg/m2 (range 18.5–28.4) and 164.5 cm (range 155–182), respectively. Mean safe area was 167.45 mm2 with males being slightly larger than females (male = 190.34 mm2, female = 140.99 mm2). The drill hole area was calculated by the radius (r) of the drill ( compared with the safe area. The maximum drill size for the men was 7 mm (154 mm2) and 6 mm (113.14 mm2) for women. However, we recommended a smaller drill size to account for any errors in position and technique.Conclusion: The safe area at the coracoid base was slightly larger in males as compared to females and the proper drill bit size was suggested to be less than 7 mm in males and 6 mm in females.

Assessment and Development of Bone Preparation for Radiocarbon Dating at HEKAL

ABSTRACTBone is one of the most complex sample materials used for radiocarbon (14C) dating. The installation of the EnvironMICADAS AMS at HEKAL (department of ICER) in 2011 required the adoption of new sample preparation techniques for small bone samples. Since then, hundreds of procedural background and known-age bones have been processed using our modified Longin method (MLM) and dated along with unknown samples. Their results are used in this study to assess the reproducibility of our current bone preparation method and the real uncertainty of the final age result. In addition, using the background samples, which are included in each bone measurement batch, blank correction of the unknown samples could also be performed. The mean F14C value of our bone blanks is generally better than 0.005 (∼42,500 BP) alongside 0.0013 SD. Good reproducibility was confirmed by the results of the laboratory known-age bone as well, where the standard deviation of the mean is better than 0.0025. In addition, the results of the three bone samples used in an ultrafiltration (UF) test study did not show notable differences from the ones obtained by our current protocol in 1σ uncertainty range but more experiments will be performed in the near future.

Variations in Cochlear Size of Cochlear Implant Candidates

Introduction The cochlear anatomy varies in each individual, and that has an impact on decisions regarding the insertion of electrodes. The measurement of the cochlear size is the routine examination required to choose the proper cochlear implant (CI) electrodes. Objective To acquire normative data on the size of the cochlea (length, width, height, scala timpani [ST] height, cochlear duct length [CDL]) of CI candidates in Medan, Indonesia. Methods This descriptive study was conducted based on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) temporal bone data and on HRCT temporal data manipulated to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) multiplanar images with OsiriX MD DICOM Viewer version 9.5.1 (Pixmeo SARL, Bernex, Geneva, Switzerland) viewer of 18 patients (36 ears) who were CI candidates in Medan, Indonesia, in order to determine cochlear length (A), cochlear width, cochlear height, ST height and CDL, calculated through a simple mathematical function. Results The average cochlear length (A) was 8.75 mm (standard deviation [SD] = 0.31 mm); the average cochlear width was 6.53 mm (SD = 0.35 mm); the average cochlear height was 3.26 mm (SD = 0.24 mm) and the average ST height at the basal cochlea was 1.00 mm (SD = 0.1 mm); and 0.71 mm (SD = 0.1 mm) at the half turn of cochlea. The average total CDL was 32.45 mm (SD = 1.31 mm; range: 30.01–34.83 mm). Conclusion The cochlear size varies in each individual; therefore, the temporal bone measurement of CI candidates using HRCT is essential: for the selection of suitable implant electrodes; to minimize cochlear damages at the insertion of the electrode arrays; and to maximize the hearing improvements.

Latihan Fisik dan Kalsitonin Salmon Meningkatkan Kepadatan Tulang Tikus Masa Pertumbuhan

Bone is a complex tissue consists of cell and matrix. Matrix consist of fibers and ground substance that contain mineralized. Bone mineralized always increase and decrease through the remodelling process. Remodelling bone consists of two processes, bone formatted by osteoblast and bone resorption by osteoclast. Growing period is the best period to increase bone density. The research purpose was to prove exercise and calcitonin effect in the bone density and bone mass increment. The research method used the randomize post test only control group design. The groups consist of control, exercise, and combine (exercise+calcitonin) group. The sampel of each group is seven young males norvegicus rat (six weeks old). Exercise group swam once a day and three times a week, calsitonin group was given synthetic salmon calcitonin injection 2 IU/100gram of rat weight everyday and combine group was treated both of exercise and calcitonin injection. The treatment duration is eight weeks. Measurements of density bone was done with using ultrasound DBM SONIC 1200 (Digital Bone Measurement- emsor,SA,Madrid,spain). This instrument was issued conducting sound waves to assessment of density bone with m/sec. The research also measured mass , diameter and length of the bone. Mass bone was measured by using a analytical balance librar - shimadzu in grams. The result was the combine had higher bone density (p=0,001) and bone mass (p=0,004) compare to other groups. The conclusion was the combination of exercise and salmon calsitonin can increase bone density and bone mass in growing rat.