GENDER AND SUSTAINABILITY: EVOLUTION OF DISCOURSE AND FEMINIST CRITIQUE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The purpose of this article is to analyze the stages of evolution of the UN social, environmental and gender policies and the peculiarities of their convergence into an integral concept of sustainable development, to assess the influence of feminist organizations on the direction and content of the concept of sustainable development, as well as criticism of «sustainability» and alternative development models proposed by feminist organizations and social movements, including the «Fridays for the Future» movement. The UN is the main international structure for shaping global social, environmental and gender policy. Over 75 years of the organization's activity, hundreds of documents have been adopted, dozens of conferences have been held in the field of eliminating social, gender and environmental inequalities. In 1992, the UN member states approved the «Agenda for the 21st century», in which social, gender and environmental aspects of development were combined into a holistic concept of sustainable development. Since that time, these political fields are considered in integrity and interconnection. International women's organizations have played a decisive role in integrating gender issues into the concept of sustainable development. Thanks to their activities, the legal aspects of enhancing gender equality are enshrined in the key UN documents on sustainable development - «Agenda 21» (1992), «Millennium Goals» (2000), «Implementation Plan» (2002), «The future we are want «(2012),» Sustainable Development Goals 2030 «(2015). At the same time, there are processes of the formation of an alternative gender discourse and feminist criticism of the official concept of sustainable development. International feminist movements and organizations have played a huge role in this. Currently, there are several feminist approaches to the study of the relationship between women and the environment: ecological-feminist, economic-ecological and post-structuralist. The most important area of activity for feminist organizations is the fight against global climate change. With the onset of the fourth wave of feminism in environmental protection, new trends and vivid leadership figures have emerged, and there has been a direct increase in women's presence in global climate policy. The most striking example of this trend is the climate movement «Fridays for the Future» (PRB), created by eco-activist G. Thunberg.

Sport for Development and Peace: Current Perspectives of Research

Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) is an international movement that began in the 2000s with the Millennium Development Goals (2000–2015) and is currently continuing around the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals 2015–2030, driven by international organizations such as UNESCO. Often located in an international development context, organizations and associations use sport as a vehicle to reach several social and humanitarian missions (e.g., education, social cohesion, health, reintegration, diplomacy, and peace). This chapter presents the origins and objectives of the SDP, but it also looks at current research in the field. Since 2010, studies have significantly increased in the field around four main areas (macrosociological, field explorations, program management and evaluation, and literature reviews). This chapter also provides illustrations of SDP research projects, axis of tensions between practice and theory, and perspectives for future research in the field.

Sustainable Development: Is This Paradigm The Remedy of All Challenges? Does Its Goals Capture The Essence of Real Development and Sustainability? With Reference to Discourses, Creativeness, Boundaries and Institutional Architecture

This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of sustainable development with reference to discourses, creativeness, boundaries and institutional architecture. The main purpose of the research is to understand current global challenges – environmental, geographic, socioeconomic – poverty, hunger, health and inequality. Sustainability is a complex issue which interchangeably in use with sustainable development. The term sustainability discourse stands to maintain the equilibrium between nature and society and fulfill the societal demands (which could be environmental, economic and social. The boundaries of sustainable development can also be seen and evaluated in terms of institutionalization process and organizational process. More importantly, United Nation has been vigorously working to overcome with these challenges through various initiatives. In this regard, United Nation has been pioneering to minimize global challenges throughout its history. United Nation declared four decades (1960-1990) as development decade with the objective of total development primarily in the developing world. In 1990, UN presented Human Development Report 1990, and in 2000 UN declared millennium development goals (2000-2015). However, Goals were only partially achieved. With this experience, UN declared “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which declared 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets. The investigation of the topic in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: 1) what is the epistemological stand of sustainable development; 2) how discourses are developed, what is the limitation; 3) boundaries, how creativeness is incorporated in the sustainability domain and are SDGs are achievable; 4) are governments are ready to cope with the domestic and international challenges. The results of the research can be useful for many scholars, international organizations, governments, civil societies. Keywords: United Nations, Human Development, Millennium Development Goals, Discourses, Boundaries, Creativeness, Institution, Sustainable Development, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, South Asia, Environmental Problems, Over Population, Poverty, Hunger, UNESCO, WHO, Epistemology.

Gender and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

This paper briefly highlights key challenges faced in advancing women’s rights in the last two decades. It draws attention to ‘gains and gaps’ in the implementation of the UN Beijing Platform for Action (1995) and the UN Millennium Development Goals (2000). It marks the evolution of a new compact on women’s human rights and gender equality through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that has been universally endorsed by governments, donors, women’s movements, civil society and other stakeholders. Women’s groups have consistently been raising critical questions of how equality, inclusion and participation would be embedded in a world structured around grave inequalities and exclusions. While the framework of the paper is global, it throws light on two critical areas in India—the economic empowerment of women and ending violence against women—with pointers regarding how these commitments could be better realised in the implementation of the SDGs, especially SDG Goal 5. The paper concludes by sharing information on how some countries are developing mechanisms to advance SDG 5 and draws attention to the lack of data and monitoring measures for gender equality. It emphasises that for transformative changes, governments need to engage with women’s organisations for policy development and implementation.

Language planning in Diaspora: the Case of the Kurdish Kurmanji Dialect

In this paper, we study a particular case of language planning in Diaspora through the activities of the Committee for Standardization of Kurdish Kurmanji dialect spoken by the majority of Kurds living in Turkey, in Syria and by part of the Kurds living in Iran and in Iraq. Despite its sizeable speaker community, Kurmanji is not officially recognized and public education is not provided in this dialect in the countries where it is spoken. The absence of official recognition and structural variation within Kurmanji led Kurdish intellectuals and researchers living in exile to form the Committee in 1987. Holding two meetings per year in a European city, the Committee tries to standardize and to revitalize the Kurmanji dialect without relying on government support. We examine the activities of the committee in the light of its research in the field of language policy and planning. The activities will be assessed by three typologies of language planning: 1) Haugen’s classical model of language planning (1991 [1983]); 2) Hornberger’s integrative framework of language planning (1988); 3) Nahir’s Language Planning Goals (2000). Our contribution focuses on two aspects of the activities: corpus planning and dissemination of results in exile. We study the practices of collection of vocabulary and neology in different scientific domains as well as the influences of these activities on the development of Kurmanji