THE BACK SIDE OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS: A GENDER ISSUE

The article is devoted to the issue of protecting women during armed conflicts and peacekeeping operations. At the beginning of the work, the authors briefly describe the main regulatory documents of the UN and the UN Security Council, which reflect and enshrine the fundamental rights of women and the measures taken to eliminate gender discrimination and inequality. However, the adopted documents and the proposed recommendations are clearly insufficient to ensure the protection of women of their rights and freedoms. Further, based on the analysis of armed conflicts and the participation of peacekeeping groups in them over the past 20 years, examples of crimes against women and children are given, and a conclusion is made about the violation of women's rights by the peacekeepers themselves. Particular attention is paid to studying the activities of specialized programs and private initiatives, such as Aids-free world and Code Blue for the protection of women and the fight against violence. In the conclusion, it is concluded that it is necessary to form a special independent judicial structure for the investigation and punishment of such crimes.

GENDER AND SUSTAINABILITY: EVOLUTION OF DISCOURSE AND FEMINIST CRITIQUE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The purpose of this article is to analyze the stages of evolution of the UN social, environmental and gender policies and the peculiarities of their convergence into an integral concept of sustainable development, to assess the influence of feminist organizations on the direction and content of the concept of sustainable development, as well as criticism of «sustainability» and alternative development models proposed by feminist organizations and social movements, including the «Fridays for the Future» movement. The UN is the main international structure for shaping global social, environmental and gender policy. Over 75 years of the organization's activity, hundreds of documents have been adopted, dozens of conferences have been held in the field of eliminating social, gender and environmental inequalities. In 1992, the UN member states approved the «Agenda for the 21st century», in which social, gender and environmental aspects of development were combined into a holistic concept of sustainable development. Since that time, these political fields are considered in integrity and interconnection. International women's organizations have played a decisive role in integrating gender issues into the concept of sustainable development. Thanks to their activities, the legal aspects of enhancing gender equality are enshrined in the key UN documents on sustainable development - «Agenda 21» (1992), «Millennium Goals» (2000), «Implementation Plan» (2002), «The future we are want «(2012),» Sustainable Development Goals 2030 «(2015). At the same time, there are processes of the formation of an alternative gender discourse and feminist criticism of the official concept of sustainable development. International feminist movements and organizations have played a huge role in this. Currently, there are several feminist approaches to the study of the relationship between women and the environment: ecological-feminist, economic-ecological and post-structuralist. The most important area of activity for feminist organizations is the fight against global climate change. With the onset of the fourth wave of feminism in environmental protection, new trends and vivid leadership figures have emerged, and there has been a direct increase in women's presence in global climate policy. The most striking example of this trend is the climate movement «Fridays for the Future» (PRB), created by eco-activist G. Thunberg.

HEURISTIC POTENTIAL OF GENDER THEORETICAL APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Gender research in international relations is a relatively young branch of scientific knowledge. In Russian science, the largest number of studies is aimed at studying gender balance, gender behavior in the social environment, the changing status of women in modern society. Among the few Russian works dealing with the topic of gender in international relations are the publications of T.V. Zonova. At the same time, gender approaches open up new opportunities for studying the influence of social relations on international relations. They do not replace the role of the main actor - State in international relations, but endow them with new characteristics from the sciences that study the behavioral forms and norms of social subjects. The proposed article sets the following tasks: to identify the features of gender theoretical approaches; determine the subject fields of international relations, where gender approaches can manifest their heuristic potential; give specific examples of the effective use of gender theories in the study of international relations. The article contains a brief analysis of the history of the formation of gender theories; the role of gender on the agenda of international institutions and the impact of the coronavirus epidemic on it; femininity and masculinity in politics; gender approaches to the issues of war and peace, state violence, construction of regions.

THE DEPICTION OF WOMEN AND THEIR ROLE IN RELIGIOUS ISLAMIC TERRORISM WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (2000 - PRESENT)

The gender issue and gender inequality in particular is considered one of the major problems in the changing modern world especially in the discourse of security. Women and children are often the main target of many forms of violence and abuse in national and local conflicts. Military confrontation with non-state actors has clearly showed that the issue of women in terrorist organizations has come to the foreground for the Russian Federation as early as in the early 2000s. Islamic religious groups of the North Caucasus, which have been known for their idea of patriarchal society, shape a stereotypical image of women which gives an opportunity for radical Islamic terrorist organizations to take advantage of women manipulating them and forcing certain behavioral patterns on them (the phenomenon of female suicide bombers). Another critical issue is consciously motivated radicalization political views by those women in order to spread separatism not only among religious society but among secular society as well. The main aim of this article is the analysis of the depictions of women and their role in the context of the key security threat of the modern society that is international terrorism. The idea that international politics is a male-dominated discipline has been altered making the world search for new ways of addressing global security challenges. This can only be made by re-evaluating women's traditional roles in traditional societies; addressing the issue of religious laws dominating over secular laws; reducing the influence of armed conflicts on women and children being recruited to join extremist groups and terrorist organizations. The work is based on the open sources from the news, anti-extremism services, Federal Service of National Safety, which include female terrorists' personal data, interviews with their relatives and court reports. The analysis includes the data about 91 women, who were in some way engaged in terroristic acts on the territory of the Russian Federation since 2000. Such complex analysis, along with the methods of content analysis allowed for more substantial conclusions to Russian researchers who studied the age of female terrorists, the reasons for their radicalism, geography of female terrorism in the Russian Federation, as well as to observe how the depiction of female terrorist evolved.

FEMINISM AS A GLOBAL COMMERCIAL TREND

The purpose of the research. The article discusses the problem of transforming the social phenomenon of feminism into a global commercial trend, which results in a change in the essence of the movement itself as a desire of women and men to take up an equal position in society. The article analyzes the process of turning feminism into a fashion trend of the XXI century under the influence of global commercial firms using this movement to attract a wide audience, meet consumer demand and increase their popularity. Market participants, following the law of supply and demand, adopt radical manifestations of the women's movement to create more resonance for their advertising campaigns. Thus, the use of the ideology of feminism in its products becomes a factor in the successful development of firms in the market. The purpose of the study is to show how this fact influences the rethinking of the traditional postulates of the movement, what impact the mass popularization of the changed value orientations of feminism has on public consciousness. Result. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that interference with the social phenomenon of feminism of mass culture and propaganda has led to the substitution of movement’s values and the replacement of one standard with another. Thus, there has been a transition from the striving for mutual respect for men and women and the observance of rights and freedoms in gender relations to the destruction of everything patriarchal in society and the necessity to live according to the principles established by the new women's community. The authors conclude that such a rethinking of feminism threatens a radical change in society. Commercial structures, popular culture and other objects broadcasting the values of radical feminism affect people’s consciousness, which leads to increased aggressiveness of the movement itself and instability of the social system. In addition, the authors note the negative impact of the commercialization of feminism on its understanding in the Russian Federation. Today the movement in Russia is not widespread, because based on the image broadcast by commercial structures, it is assessed as a categorical and radical phenomenon, which is far from its original meaning.

THE RESULTS OF EUROPEAN ELECTIONS 2019: NEW ALIGNMENT OF FORCES IN THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND EUROPEAN COMMISSION, INCLUDING GENDER ASPECT

The article presents an analysis of the results of the 2019 elections of members of the European Parliament and the formation of a new composition of the European Commission. The question of how the balance of power has changed in the new Parliament between the traditionally leading parties of the European conservatives (European people's party) and socialists (Party of European socialists), on the one hand, and the other parties (Liberals, Greens, Communists, etc.), which traditionally play a secondary role, on the other. The results of the so-called eurosceptic parties, which in recent years have significantly increased their influence both at the European and national levels, are analyzed. It shows how the election results affected the distribution of leadership positions in the European Parliament itself, as well as their impact on the formation of the new composition of the European Commission. The article examines how the mechanism of interaction between the European Parliament and the European Council has changed during the formation of the European Commission and what impact these changes have on the prospects for future interaction between these institutions. In conclusion, the prospects for further development of the European Union are outlined, including the need to reform its political and socio-economic systems.

GENDER DISCRIMINATION AS AN AGGRAVATING FACTOR OF THE GLOBAL FOOD PROBLEM

This article is devoted to the study of the impact of gender discrimination on malnutrition in the world, which has not lost its relevance for many years. The aim of the work is to identify the correlation between the level of tension of the global food problem and the degree of involvement of women in all spheres of human life, in particular the economy, on an equal basis with men. To achieve this goal, the authors identified the factors that contribute to world hunger, of which gender discrimination as an issue unresolved over decades was analyzed. In order to understand the importance of the gender issue, the paper presents facts and indicators that show that in many countries of the world the gap in rights between men and women actually exists. Without denying the possibility of the existence of the individual cases of gender discrimination against men, the authors consider women as the discriminated party. The work demonstrates women's contribution to world food security and identifies the limitations associated with different types of discrimination that prevent women from realizing their potential in this regard. Possible cases for both male and female gender were studied as well as cases related exclusively to women's physiological features.

ITALIAN WOMEN IN FRONT OF THE BALLOT BOX (ON THE POLITICAL PREFERENCES OF THE FEMALE ELECTORATE)

The paper focuses on the political preferences of the female electorate in the Italian Republic. In particular, the main factors that affect the electoral behavior of women are considered, data on gender preference are given in the last parliamentary elections of 2018 and European 2019. The author concludes that the main trend - the low involvement of women in the political life of the country has remained since the First Republic. Given this, the female electorate represents an unrealized resource that can be used by political forces and Italian parties in the struggle for voter votes.

A WOMAN IN MODERN ISRAEL: ATTEMPTING TO BUILD A SOCIAL PORTRAIT

This article aims to present a «collective» social portrait of a modern Israeli woman. The complexity of this task is determined by the fact that Israel is a country populated with people of a wide number of cultures, who in different years repatriated to their historical homeland. With the exception of Judaism, the views of these communities on many issues of the daily life differ significantly, and this creates an extremely difficult perception of the gender topic in this country. The female audience of Israeli society can be divided into two large groups: religious and secular, although within each of them there are also numerous strata, worthy of investigation. In this article, the authors focus on the priorities of each group, while paying primary attention to the description of a religious woman: her understanding of the canons of family life, spiritual ideas, fashion, etc. Focusing on these manifestations allows, to the very much extent, to imagine the «make-up» of the Israeli woman, so that through the prism of this perception to see the ideological and moral principles of this country. Analysing priorities of the religious part of the female population is fundamentally important for understanding the spiritual canons of Israeli life and its uniqueness when comparing the background of modern world processes of modernization and globalization, not to mention that this article is one of first enabling to have a look at the role of the Israeli woman in this society.

GENDER ISSUES IN THE ANTI-IMMIGRANT AGENDA OF EUROPEAN RADICAL RIGHT

An attempt to show the role of women's rights in the anti-immigrant agenda of European radical right has been undertaken in the article. The author addresses to representative trends of modern right-wing radicals in Europe. The concept of «Eurabia» and the theory of Great Replacement are used as the theoretical substantiation of the anti-migrant views of right-wing radicals. The main message of these theories is related to the fact that the decline in the birth rate in Europe, combined with the increase in migrant flows, will lead to the replacement of European politics and lifestyle with Islamic values. Radical right emphasize that the European way of life and values are fundamentally incompatible with the Muslim way of life. Moreover, within the framework of the policy of modernizing their image, right-wing radicals complement the concept of «traditional European values», which they have always defended, with «liberal» values of women's emancipation. Thus, right-wing radicals are forming the image of European enemy - a patriarchal Muslim migrant. To recreate this portrait and to identify the main features of the rhetoric of right-wing radicals regarding the threat of a migrant invasion of female emancipation, the author addresses party programs, political posters, interviews with party leaders, media materials and right-wing radical news portals. Special attention is paid to the debate about the right to wear the veil - the main pressure point for the European right, for whom veil is a kind of «banner» of Islam. The foregoing allows concluding that, on the one hand, the use of the women's rights expands the range of arguments of right-wing radicals against European migration policy, and on the other hand, it allows radical right to establish themselves as defenders of women's rights associated with human rights as the main European value.